American Home Products Essay

Pharmacy had not reached the heavy competition yet during early 1980s, AHP was still the early adopter in the industry, however, the nature of the market will change very quickly follow by the globalization and fast developing of medical technology, efficiency of information communication and financial industry. The competitor will able to launch variously strategies, with wild coverage of products via extended channels in more regions/counties. †¢ Because of debt free strategy, the company had limited investment in R&D. Even they can provide the â€Å"me to product† but the industry will change with more related regulation to be generated from government, that will require each pharmacy company spend longer time, more money to do the testing before launch to the market, â€Å"me to product† will slow down the process to catch the new market segmentation. †¢ Brand risk, due to the company was only focus on the interest of shareholders; lack of CSR (corporate social responsibility) will be another risk. †¢ Over centralized power in the leadership even $500 expense need approved by CEO. Not easy money system and not enough flexibility. b) Financial risks Debt free strategy Case Study/American Home Products Corporation 1 †¢ †¢ Will cause the lack of confident from institutional investors and individual investors due to the low leverage. Inflation! According the public information, the inflation rates from 1979 to 1981 was 11. 22%, 13. 58% and 10. 35%, that means holding money equals losing money. 729m+593m+494 =1816 m which was the total cash AHP was holding, times the averagely discount rate of inflation 11. 72%, they company lost 212. 8 million in 3 years. http://inflationdata. om/inflation/inflation_rate/historicalinflati on. aspx †¢ †¢ †¢ Mismatch between AHP’s performance and stock price, as there was not financial strategy. High tax High dividend payout ratio. 30%-70% debt of total capital †¢ Could possibly downgrading the bond credit level from AAA to AA at beginning 2) Can AHP create value for its shareholders by changing the level of debt? What capital structure would you recommend as appropriate for AHP? What are the advantages and disadvantages of leveraging up this company? The simple answer is â€Å"Yes†. We propose the multiple steps to achieve better leverage. Targeting 30% debt in the first year, because our competitor uses that ratio too, that can be use as benchmark to convince shareholders. Second year we can go for 50% and 70% in the third year. Advantage: Case Study/American Home Products Corporation 2 †¢ Use the excess cash to repurchase common stock will reduce common shares from 155. 5(30% debt) m to 118. 9m (70% debt), as the result that will increase the earning per share as well as the stock price. †¢ Will increase the tax efficiency, the income tax can be reduced to 383. 7m from 455. 2 m. Even the debt interest rate is at 14%, but comparing with 48% tax rate that is very low. †¢ Debt is a good tool to against inflation, as mentioned before, the average inflation rate from 1979-1981 was very high, borrowing money is good way to maintain the company’s assets to staying valuable. Disadvantage, †¢ †¢ †¢ AHP might lose it AAA bond rate Shareholders and senior management team will disagree/agree, and that will split the team at the top of management Potentially risk to bankruptcy with less cash, and easy to be attacked by competitor or financial institutions. 3) What are the possible ways for leveraging AHP? Besides to repurchase the common stock, other ways are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Buy government bond or financial institutions’ bond.

Journal Entry of to Kill a Mockingbird

Dear Diary, Damn I hate school! T o be honest â€Å"I never looked forward more to anything in my life† (Lee 15), but everything went wrong. My teacher is Ms. Caroline Fisher. I don’t think she’s more than twenty-two. â€Å"She †¦ wore a red-and-white-striped dress. She looked and smelled like a peppermint drop. † (Lee 16). She began reading a very funny story about cats that wore clothes. When she was done, she wrote the alphabet on the blackboard ant asked me what they were. I read the letters to her and she got mad at me and told me to tell Atticus that he was teaching me wrong! Atticus never taught me how to read, Jem said I was born reading but Ms. Caroline must’ve thought I was lying. It would be so hard not ready, â€Å"reading was something that just came to me †¦ Until I feared I would lose it, I never loved to read. † (Lee 18). After that everyone laughed at me because Ms. Caroline whipped me. Why? Because she tried to give Walter Cunningham a quarter so he could buy lunch. EVERYONE knows the Cunninghams never take anything from anyone because they can’t pay back. I was so mad at him so I beat him up. I told Jem but he invited him to have lunch at our house. At first Walter doubted but Jem told him I was crazy. Who does he think he is? When we were eating Walter drowned his food in syrup. â€Å"I †¦ asked what the sam hill he was doing. † (Lee 24). Atticus shook his head and Calpurnia called me to the kitchen. â€Å"She was furious, and when she was furious Calpurnia’s grammar became erratic. † (Lee 24). She gave me a lesson about what tolerance was but I’m still kinda confused. When we went back to school Ms. Caroline started complaining ‘cause she saw a cootie on Burris Ewell’s head. She made such a fuss about it! When she told him to go home and wash his hair so no one else would catch’em (although I think most of the other kids had some too) â€Å"[Burris] stood up. He was the filthiest human I had ever seen. His neck was dark gray, the backs of his hands were rusty, and his fingernails were black deep into the quick† (Lee 27) and started sayin’ that no one was sending him home, that he was about to leave because he only went the first days of school and never went back ‘till the next year. Then he got real mad and insulted Ms. Caroline and made her cry. We were tryin’ to cheer her up again but all we got from her was a â€Å"Thank you, darlings† (Lee 28). â€Å"Had her conduct been more friendly toward me, I would have felt sorry for her. † (Lee 22). When we finally got home, I told Atticus I didn’t want to go to school anymore. He must’ve been surprised because all I ever wanted was to start school. â€Å"[W]hat’s the matter? † (Lee 29) he said. And â€Å"[b]it by bit, I told him the day’s misfortunes. † (Lee 29). He solved my reading problem by making a compromise, which is an agreement. He said that if â€Å"[I] concede[d] the necessity of going to school, we’[d] go on reading every night just as we always ha[d]. I was so happy! Thanks to him I can be writing right now and will be a secret me and Atticus will keep. I hope nobody at school ever finds my diary or I’ll be in big trouble! Scout. http://www.allgreatquotes.com/to_kill_a_mockingbird_quotes.shtml http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/mocking/quotes.html#explanation3

Anne roes theory of needs and career choice

Anne Roe (1904–1991) was born and raised in Denver, Colorado. Upon graduating from the University of Denver, she attended Columbia University, following the recommendation of Thomas Garth. At Columbia, Roe worked in the office of Edward Lee Thorndike, graduating with her Ph. D. in experimental psychology under the supervision of Robert S. Woodworm. The publication of The Psychology of Occupations would introduce Roes theory of personality development and career choice, her most enduring scientific contribution. Roe had no experience of careers or vocational guidance and counseling but was originally interested in personality theory and occupational classification (Roe, 1956, 1957). Much of her early research was focused on the possible relationship between occupational behavior and personality (Roe and Lunneborg, 1990). Ann Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need but Some refer to her work as the Person-environment theory which is primarily psychoanalytic, though it also draws on Maslows hierarchy of needs. THE PURPOSE OF ANNE ROE’S THEORY 1. To focus on the psychological needs that develop between the interaction of parent and child as it affects career choice. 2. To guide by attempts to understand, make meaning of, and utilize individual motives, purposes and drives to support career development. 3. To predict occupational selection based on individual differences, which are biological, sociological, and psychological. ROE’S THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Roes theory was based on Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice, lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs (The job meets the most urgent need). According to Onyekuru (2010), Roe employed Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs which depends on conscious or unconscious need pattern as follow: 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety or belongingness and love need 3. Need for self-esteem 4. Need for information 5. Need for understanding 6. Need for beauty, and 7. Need for self-actualization. This hierarchy of basic needs as proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954) became a useful framework, as it offered Roe the most effective way of discussing the relevance of occupational behavior to the satisfaction of basic needs. Maslow considered these needs to be innate and instinctive but (apart from physiological needs) modifiable, and proposed that the lower the potency of need in the hierarchy, the more it is suppressible (Maslow, 1954). Roe in kemjika (2008) maintained that the origin of these needs can be traced from the parental attitudes toward the child in the child’s formative experience. ANNE ROE’S PROPOSITIONS Anne Roe’s (1957, p. 213) propositions can be divided into two and they are as follows: 1. That occupation is potentially the most powerful source of individual satisfaction at all levels of need; and 2. That social and economic status depend more on the occupation of an individual than upon anything else. Roe, based on the above propositions is of the view that individual’s satisfaction and his socio-economic status in life is determined by his occupation. ANNE ROE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO VOCATIONAL OR OCCUPATIONAL GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING Roes theory can be separated into two key areas: theoretical aspects of personality and classification of occupations. Anne Roe inspired by Maslows hierarchy of needs, incorporated the psychological needs that develop out of parent-child interactions in her conceptualization of personality. PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS Roe emphasized that early childhood rearing practices influence later career choices. Roe classified parent-child relationship patterns into three categories, each with two subcategories. According to Kemjika (2008) parents relate or interact with their children in one of the following ways: 1. Emotional Concentration on the child 2. Avoidance of the child, and 3. Acceptance of the child. EMOTIONAL CONCENTRATION ON THE CHILD (a). Over-protective Parents: parents who engage in this type of interaction are very warm, affectionate, caring and also tend to encourage dependence in the child and restricts curiosity and exploration. The child does not enjoy any privacy because the parents are over concerned with the child’s well-being. (b). Over-demanding Parents: this group of parents requests perfection from the child, asking for excellent performance and setting high standards of behavior. The parents’ love for the child is based on the child’s achievement and conformity. It is a conditional love. AVOIDANCE OF THE CHILD (a). Rejection Parents: parents in this category may be overly critical of the child or punish the child excessively. Every little mistake by the child attracts severe punishment from the parents. However, they only provides for the child’s physiological needs (food, shelter, clothes etc. ) and safety needs. (b). Neglect of the child: parents who adopt this parenting style Ignores the child for many reasons, such as parents concern with their own problems, other children, or work. They are cold and show no love. The physical care they provide is minimal. ACCEPTANCE OF THE CHILD (a). Causal acceptance Parents: Parents have a low-key attitude, offering minimum amount of love. The child’s needs are attended to when they are not busy. (b). Loving acceptance Parents: Here parents show a warmer attitude toward the child, while not interfering with the child’s resources by fostering dependency. Parents encourage independence rather than dependence and do not ignore or reject their child, creating a relatively tension-free environment. From the above, loving, demanding and protecting homes would produce children that are person-oriented in occupation (service). While homes that are rejecting, neglecting and casual will produce individuals that are non-person in orientation in vocational choice. These developed attitudes, interest and capacities can be modified later in life. OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Roe,(1957) propounded eight occupational groups when she saw that occupations could be arranged along a continuum based on the intensity and nature of the interpersonal relationships involved in the occupational activities and in an order that would have contiguous groups more alike than non-contiguous ones. The eight occupational groups she posited were: 1. service 2. business contact 3. organization 4. technology 5. outdoor 6. science 7. general culture, and 8. arts and entertainment. OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS Roe considered the levels of difficulty and responsibility involved in each occupation and identified six occupational levels based on degree of responsibility, capacity and skill. The Six levels of Occupations identified by Roe (1956 1957) are: 1. Professional managerial: Independent Responsibility 2. Professional Managerial: less independence 3. Semi professional small business: Moderate responsibility for others 4. Skilled: Training is required 5. Semi skilled: On-the -job training or special schooling 6. Unskilled: Little special training is required. Individuals only need to follow basic directions. IMPLICATIONS OF ANNE ROE’S THEORY TO VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING Anne Roe’s theory has several implications to vocational guidance and counseling. Some of these implications are as follows: 1. The theory made it clear that the attitude of parents toward their children has great influence on the children’s choice of career later in life. 2. The environment created by parents at home can affect their children’s vocational choice and life in general. 3. Early childhood experience has great psychological effects on career choice and success in life. 4. The theory gives career guidance counselors insight into the patterns of relationship prevalent between the parents and their children at the home front. 5. It helps career counselors in assisting students from disturbed families on career choice. 6. It also helps the career counselor to make parents understand the effects of their behavior toward their children and the kind of environment they create at home on their children’s career choice and success. 7. Roe’s classification of occupation provided information on the various classes of occupation and the levels of responsibility as well as the capacity, abilities, and skills associated with each class of occupation. 8. This theory reveals that individual’s needs and interest at a particular time can be a determining factor for a career choice. 9. It shows that a person’s satisfaction and socio-economic status in the society is related to his or her occupation. 10. It facilitates career guidance and counseling relationship. CONCLUSION The relevance of Roe’s theory cannot be over-emphasized judging from the immense contributions made to vocational guidance and counseling and career development.

Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reflection Paper - Assignment Example The reading I liked most is the one concerning transportation emissions and its effects on the land use as it involves such issues as environmental pollution. The part of commute emissions and the experimental design was very interesting. I also liked the behavior model that explained the route choice and the experiments accompanying the theory. However, I did not like the topic on traffic lights, as the diagrams were no easy to understand especially the calculations. The four engineering projects in the lecture are travel behavior dealing with research on travel behavior and approaches and technologies to travel surveys. SUTRN dealing with system simulation and their evaluation and lifecycle analysis was another project in my Monday lecture. Another project was the automated class dealing with autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, and congestion during transportations. Transportation emissions that relates transportation and land use was also one of the projects together with commuter emissions. The most interesting transportation-engineering project was commute emissions that described the employees commuting options to work. The employees such as different types of vehicles, bicycles, and walking used different means of transport methods. Walking and cycling are less likely to emit pollutants to the environment as compared to vehicle transport. I found it interesting due to its applicability on a daily basis in many countries as countries try to regulate the amount of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Transportation engineering is very important in our daily lives as it helps engineers and governments plan on matters related to transport in their countries. Transport planning is very important especially in overpopulated cities to enable the effective flow of traffic and prevent congestion. Any research on transportation is important

Globalization of Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Financial Markets - Essay Example The impact on the stock markets themselves is difficult to predict, and could change investments and trading styles in ways that cannot be suggested from this naà ¯ve point (Sabri, 2006). For example, moving all stock exchanges from the physical to the electronic will create what is essentially one grouped exchange, meaning that any differences in the exchanges and their consequences will be eliminated (Sabri, 2006). Additionally, there may be consequences for the NASDAQ because of this conglomeration, as lower performing exchanges are incorporated into the more resilient. It is difficult to say whether this will improve the poorer performers or decrease the impact of the vital markets, but it is evident that there will be a distinct change in market performance (Arshanapalli & Doukas, 2003). The globalization of financial markets will also have inevitable consequences for the way that corporations themselves do business. If financial markets were truly globalized, there would be a need for many corporations to offer a 24-hour trading system to match the state of the exchanges, and thus many would require a greater financial output and labour input (Sachs, 1998). The globalization of financial markets could also lead to a greater amount of competition in many markets, with Eastern companies utilizing cheaper labour sources to provide cheaper services. This could cause corporations a number of problems, and introduce a need to investigate how to further improve profit margins to become competitive on a global scale. (Lahiri, Perez-Nordtvedt & Renn, 2008). Another element for business that is often discussed in the literature is a change in mind set. Along with more physical changes, an increase in globalization will require a number of changes in interaction with foreign m arkets, and understanding differences in financial systems worldwide. Lahiri, Perez-Nordtvedt & Renn (2008) suggest that there are a number of different elements that are required for the success of a corporation in the global market, including an increased appreciation of communication and cooperation, readiness to deal with temporal and cultural differences, and realizing sources of unexpected competition. These all come from an increased diversity in the market and a number of difficulties that come from dealing with previously unknown customers and investors. In conclusion, there are a number of ways in which financial markets are going to need to

To what extent can the marketing mix be quintessentially standardised Essay

To what extent can the marketing mix be quintessentially standardised within the international marketplace - Essay Example strategies which are incorporated into the new competition that is a part of the market as well as the changes which have occurred within the internal and external environment are also altering the strategies which can be used. Defining the marketing strategies in the marketplace as well as the standardization which can be used can also offer new implementation of marketing in a different manner at a global level. The foundational concepts that are associated with marketing and the international marketplace are relevant because of different activities, organizational structures and practices which are required by organizations. The marketing strategies which are used are now an integral part of building an international marketing scenario, specifically with corporations that are beginning to expand globally and which are interested in creating multinational corporations. The strategies which are incorporated into the marketplace are essential because they create a relationship within the internal organization as well as through the customers that are interested in a business at an international level. The activities which take place, structure of the company and the ability to communicate effectively with those that are looking into different corporations then become an integral part of the marketing initiatives. Ensuring that the communication from marketing as well as the responses that are incorporated into the different organizations is effective makes a difference in the capabilities of an organization to work toward an international reputation (Czinkota, Ronkainen, 17, 2007). The concept of marketing is not only important because of the need to create new strategies to meet the international expectations within the market. There are also alterations that are related to the process which has to be incorporated as well as the ability to move through the benefits and challenges which are associated with international marketing. Surviving through

Human Resource Management - You have been recently appointed by the Essay

Human Resource Management - You have been recently appointed by the board to act as a 'Strategic Business Partner' to help t - Essay Example This has caused the supervisor to abuse power and practice nepotism. The organizational hierarchy of Homecare Housing Association (HHA) is complex and ineffective. This essay seeks to analyze the organizational issues affecting HHA for the last two years. The essay also seeks to come up with the appropriate recommendations to avert further organizational turmoil. The top management of the organization is entirely out of touch with the employees. Organizational leadership is meant to be inspirational through shared values and goals. The organizational leadership in HHA functions through coercion and instilling fear. Most leaders are obsessed with self preservation. The result is that employees are left with a sense of confusion and lack of direction. The Homecare Housing association is suffering from lethargy and declining organizational commitment. Rampant job quitting and increased staff turnover are a sign of low job satisfaction. The organization is stuck to policies that have bee n overtaken with time. The organizational policies that led to a strong performance over a decade ago have not been altered. This means the organization unable to adapt to the changing needs. Some of the changes include a large workforce and increased responsibilities. The social climate in the organization is unhealthy. The organization has a weak reward management system. Homecare Housing association has coercive and flat systems. The organization has uniform feedback system which is dysfunctional. This has caused inconsistency and difficulties in the execution of roles. The expressed values and the actual values are not the same. This explains why the policy framework stated in the organizational strategic paper is not implemented when it comes to quality assessment and enforcement. The employees are not involved in the decision making process. The human resource management lacks a clear strategy of getting the employee and the client views of the quality of services delivered by the workers. The conflicts between and values have contributed to uncertainty in the Homecare Housing Association. The customers and employees have conflicts that reveal declining personnel motivation. The organization is suffering from little or no innovation. The organization has no incentives for innovation and risk taking. The value reward system is weak; this has affected the morale of the employees. The human resource management has not established communication between various units or bases. The employees between one unit and another hardly communicate on progressive organizational matters. The high turnover rates in the organization are a clear sign that the organization is losing its competitive edge (Locke and Latham 2002). The organization has been losing its employees to other market players who have better terms and conditions. The human resource management has been accused of favoritism. The subordinates have not voice when it comes to resource allocation. There are concerns that the favoritism is affecting the shift allocation system where supervisors allocate the best shifts to their friends. Homecare is about service delivery and client satisfaction. The clients have expressed concerns of neglect and poor treatment. The organizational culture in Homecare Housing association is bogged down by partisan interest of a religious nature. There is an argument that some of the employees have anti-Jewish sentiments. In a multicultural

Cyber Security and Information Security Assignment

Cyber Security and Information Security - Assignment Example For example, Phneah (2013) suggests that previously, risks from inside the company were previously more about financial shifts, but now corporate espionage is becoming a bigger risk. This may be because the benefits that come from understanding the organizational structure and what the company is working on may be extremely beneficial to some individuals, and there are those that are willing to pay more to understand how the company works. The article does note that the relative risk is changing, because Phneah (2013) suggests that insider risk may actually become more important from the dangers from outside the organization. Another interesting thing to consider is that there may be a risk from collaboration between insiders and outsiders, which could pose a significant risk to information security. The risk is noted to be changing because organized crime groups understand that they can cause a lot of damage (for financial game or types of terrorism) by using insiders to promote the attacks. The change may also be due to the fact that many corporations are aware of the risk from outside the company, and thus information security has been tightened up in the last decade making it very difficult for outsiders to attack without relevant passwords or passkeys. The collaboration therefore combines someone who already has access with someone who wants to commit serious attacks. Phneah, E. (2013, August). Insider threats evolving, still main risk | ZDNet. ZDNet. Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www.zdnet.com/insider-threats-evolving-still-main-risk-7000003491/ 2. Search your institution’s published documents, including its Web pages. Locate its mission statement, vision statement, and strategic goals. Identify any references to information security. Also look for any planning documents related to information security. From the website, UMUC has the mission statement to provide good-quality, affordable and accessible education as part of the state of Mary land. The vision statement suggests that it aims to be a part of the greater movement to allow more people to get a college degree regardless of their circumstances, although this is not stated explicitly on the website. The strategic goals of the institution are to achieve the mission and vision by providing a lot of online courses and having campuses in many locations. This increases accessibility. Additionally, there are several references to financial aid which can be given as a way of helping more people attend UMUC. There are not that many references to information security, but the website does have a secure sign-in area for students and faculty designed to keep important information secure and personal to the individual. Chapter 3 P.114 4. Using the format provided in the text, design an incident response plan for your home computer. Include actions to be taken if each of the following events occur: Virus attack Power failure Fire Burst water pipe ISP failure What other scen arios do you think are important to plan for? Type of Event Virus Attack Potential Damage Files could be corrupted, private and personal information could be taken and used in malicious and criminal ways Precautions Install anti-virus software and keep it updated regularly to prevent against potential attacks Actions to Take Immediately use anti-virus software to identify the type of virus and the damage it could do. Use the software to remove the virus if possible, if not try to

Summaries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Summaries - Assignment Example establishing research problems, attaining information by scrutinizing a variety of most important and less important sources, consolidating information by making graphic illustrations, evaluating facts to determine and elucidate patterns and inclinations, and presenting and authenticating findings verbally or in inscription. Geography plays a pivotal role in enhancing life skills (Butt et.al 2011). It enables learners to understand and comprehend the environment well. In the long-run, this enables learners with the ability to discern between what is virtuous and debauched towards the environment. Besides, it makes life easy and enjoyable to leave since the life skills and techniques enable an individual to think analytically and propose viable strategies to make life worth leaving. It facilitates research of geographical features, which have significance to human beings. Research facilitates growth of projects like; nuclear power plants, irrigation schemes, canals and dams roads and terrace farming. Indulgence in the aforementioned activities enhances life skills as it is through discovery of a single invention that leads to another. Besides, the technology sector continues to witness invention of applications like the google app the Global positioning systems among others. Successful invention of an in novation encourages inventors to research more and thus enhancing self-actualization and satisfaction. However, life without geography could mean nothing. Since, inventions like electricity came into being due to a critical analysis of geographical features. Electricity plays a significant role towards the economy since it is through electricity that industries are able to operate, thus high employees to work in industries. This in turn, ensures the economy runs smoothly since goods and services are readily available to the market. Justifiably, it is through geography that researchers were able to invent and develop their

Governance Research and Analysis Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Governance and Analysis - Research Paper Example The Nova University was established in 1964 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It started as a small college with a small number of students. Initially, it offered graduate programs in physical sciences and social sciences. Gradually, the University also started offering programs in â€Å"law, business, education, computer science, psychology and oceanography†. In 1971, the Nova University was first recognized by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). In 1972, the institution started its first distance-learning program. Gradually, the Nova University grew into a reputed educational centre. Meanwhile, the Southeastern college of Osteopathic Medicine was founded in 1981 in the southeastern part of USA. During the period 1987-1991, this institution began offering courses on â€Å"pharmacy, allied heath, optometry, dental sciences and medical sciences† (Nova Southeastern University 2011). The College continued to expand and came to be known as the Southeastern U niversity of the Health Sciences. In 1994, the Southeastern University of Health Sciences joined with the Nova University and the Nova Southeastern University was born. (Nova Southeastern University 2011) Mission Though the NSU is a private organization, it is not guided by profit making motives. It offers its students a diverse range of academic programs both on its campuses as well as through the distance learning mode. The University encourages its students to pursue academic excellence, research opportunities and engage in intellectual enquiries by way of fruitful interactions with the faculty members. The institution is devoted to serving the society by shaping its students to be future leaders of the community who are capable of shouldering diverse responsibilities. (Nova Southeastern University 2011) Vision The NSU is not under the regulation of the State University System, but has its own identity as an independent University. The Board of Trustees of the NSU has been very c lear and categorical about maintaining the independent status of NSU. The administration, faculty and staff of the NSU provide its students with an independent opportunity to pursue academics of their choice. The educational courses offered by the University have been modified to meet student requirements. (Nova Southeastern University 2011) Values In its continuous pursuit of excellence, the NSU embodies the values of fostering collaboration, engaging in community service and engagement, encouraging diversity, providing educational access, promoting efficiency, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation, maintaining its commitment towards integrity, ensuring the development of quality academic programs and encouraging active student engagement in scholarship and research. (Nova Southeastern University 2011) Other Relevant Information The NSU offers attractive facilities to its students which contribute significantly in making the University environment stimulating and conducive fo r the purpose of education. (Nova Southeastern University 2011) II. Institutional Leadership The NSU is headed by the President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mr. George L. Hanbury II. NSU also has a Board of Trustees which has established the mission of the University. The Board consists of three types of members. The Board Members include eminent personalities who occupy important positions in the society. Ronald G. Assaf is the present Chairman of the Board Members. The

The Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Essay Example for Free

The Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Essay In today’s market business really look at what the others in their competitive market are doing to compare how they are doing as a business or corporation. They do this by evaluating the industry averages and the financial ratios. When corporations and financial advisors look at the industry average and the ratios it helps them identify the industry strengths, weaknesses and the overall health of the financial standings of the organization. The automotive and transportation industry with a focus on General Motors (SIC:37110000) is what our group as chosen to examine for our comparison. General Motors was started in 1908 by William Durant by the combination of over 17 independent companies in to one general company, thus eliminating his competitors of the industry. This increased the overall average of the industry and increased the company’s financial health. That was then, now General Motors in number 3 in the market as it shows in Bloomberg Business week graph. The purpose of comparing the rate of General Motors and the Industry is to rate their performance in solvency, profitability and efficiency. General Motors ratio improved in profitability from 2011 to 2012 and 2012 to 2013 the assets and liabilities ratio was 1.31 that means in profit earned relatively to sales and total assets. In the Industry that means GM did pretty well in assets and sales compared to the Industry. In solvency the ratio was 13.19, it has more than 202,000 employees supporting the companies’ production and distribution. In efficiency it total a ratio of 9.00 in 2012 to 9.70 in 2013 which they did better in quality, receivables and efficiency of assets control compared to the industry. General Motors has a reasonable balance on overall performance. It has a higher payables  compared to the industry but lower receivables 16.9 to 6.9 , that indicates that theres a higher cash coming in and less cash going out. In 2011 GM Company achieved staggering turnover of 150.3 billion US. Dollar and net income of 7.6 billion compared to the industry. Below our group as compared the ratios with the industry as a whole and the company General Motors to see where and how the company is doing within the industry. References Bloomberg Businessweek. General Motors Co (GM:New York) (Dec.22, 2014). Retrieved from http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/ratios.asp?ticker=GM Dan Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. (2014). 3711 Motor Vehicle and Car Bodies. Retrieved from Dan Bradstreet Key Business Ratios, FIN370 website. General Motors Co. (2014). Market Watch. Retrieved from http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/gm/financials/balance-sheet Magloff, David. General Motors Co. Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for (GM) from Morningstar.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2014

Frequent Shopper Program Essay Example for Free

Frequent Shopper Program Essay The objective of this project request is to track purchases of individual customers. The customer purchases will be tracked and accumulated as loyalty points for redemption by the customer for gift items, specialty foods and other products or services as made available through partnerships with other external companies. The strategic purpose of the Frequent Shopper Program is described on the Sales Marketing page of the Kudler Fine Foods Intranet site. Purpose: Kudlers’s new initiative is tracking purchase behavior at the individual customer level and providing high value incentives through a partnership with a loyalty points program. The customer purchase behavior patterns will help Kudler refine its processes and offerings to best satisfy their values customers. Price is not the primary differentiating factor for Kudler consumers; these consumers are focused on quality and finding specialized items. Therefore, rather than providing everyday discounts to the customers for their purchase frequency like lower end markets, Kudler has partnered with a loyalty points program to provide customers with points which can be redeemed for high end gift items, airline first-class upgrades, or other specialty foods. Technology Infrastructure and Architecture The following sections of this document will provide an overview of the hardware, network, software, databases, and security requirements for the frequent shopper program. These requirements are suggestive Hardware Platform: Kudler Fine Foods currently has an elaborate network of hardware that may be used to implement the frequent shopper program. Client-Side hardware: 1. Each store uses NCR RealPOS 82XRT terminals linked to the network through a POS server. (These terminals will be used during purchasing to initiate data collection including customer ID and purchase history data for the FSP)   2.  The nineteen (at present count) corporate management and other admin personnel all utilize Dell Vostro computers running Windows 7 OS. These administration personnel also share 3 HP networked printers. (In relation to the FSP, these computers will be used by management to query and analyze customer purchase history for business service refinement. ) Server-Side Hardware: 1. POS Servers- are used to process orders from the POS terminals and connect to the Kudler network for database file storage 2. HP Blade Server system- c3000 system, Unix OS, SAP Retail SW, Print/File, Communications, Email, Storage, Web. These Servers will be used to store data regarding individual customer purchase history and queried for business analysis as well as loyalty points addition and redemption. ) Network Platform: 1. Each of the three Kudler Stores has a Local Area Network which connects together Via T3 Dedicated high speed lines. 2. Each store’s LAN is connected via 100 base T Ethernet. The communications into and out of the stores is ported through 2 Cisco routers and firewalls. 3. Each Local Area Network is also connected to the internet via 25Mbps high speed business internet connections. 4. Network Diagrams (Shown Below) Software Development Tools: 1. The Frequent Shopper Program is an additional service that will be implemented in conjunction with the existing Information Technology System used throughout Kudler Fine Foods. Because of the complexity and functionality of the existing system, it is recommended that the use of AGILE development methodologies be used to develop the FSP system and merge the application into the existing system. 2. Visual Studio 2012- This Integrated Development Environment will be used to develop the application modules and user interfaces for the FSP development. 3. The code will be implemented in the C# language. (used for module development) b. ASP. NET MVC – used to develop dynamic, interactive web based application for customers to access, monitor, and redeem loyalty points Databases: 1- Customer Table The Customer Table contains demographic data for each of Kudler’s customers. The data in this table is used to access the name and address of customers for order processing and for special mailings for anniversaries and/or birth dates, etc. Order Table The Order Table is used to record information pertinent to each Order placed with a given store. Each order will have one or more entries in the Order Line Table associated with it. 3- Order Line Table The Order Line table contains detail on items appearing on an order. One or more Order Lines are associated with each order and each Order Line references an item being purchased with its description, quantity, price, etc. 4- Item Table The Item Table stores information pertaining to products that may appear on an order. It describes goods that can be purchased from a Store. The current database tables can be re-used and combined to create the FSPoints Table The FSPoints table (Frequent Shopper Points table), will include the Customer ID and all correlating information, Item purchase history, and Item Points Value. The sum of all points’ values will be expressed and added to the Customer’s redeemable points at the end of each FSP period. User Interfaces: Describe the interface for data collection and notification to store personnel and customers. 1. The initial User Interface will remain the same at the point of sale(POS). Additional software will be added to initialize the FSP on applicable transaction.  Software modules will be initialized as needed that will collect the CustomerID as well as the individual items purchased. 2. Web Applications: Through the use of the aforementioned tools including ASP. NET and MVC, an interactive web application will be available to registered customers, and personnel to access, review, and redeem loyalty points. There will be an exclusive page created for the Frequent Shopper Program. Controls: System accuracy checks will be in place to verify unique CustomerID’s at the POS terminals. Every customer that participates in the Frequent Shopper Program will have a unique customerID. Each transaction will begin by entering this identifier which when verified for accuracy will begin collecting item purchase data. Each item is scanned at the POS, and compared to its corresponding FSPoints table to add loyalty points to the Customers FSPoint record. If the CustomerID or any items purchased to not register in the verification processing system, an exception will be returned to notify the customer and cashier at the time of purchase. Each transaction will close with a printed receipt listing the order line information, as well as the points accumulated at that transaction. A points total may be requested via the internet based Frequent Shopper Program Web application on the Kudler Fine Foods website. Security: The necessary security mechanisms need to be in place when storing and moving most data entities, especially Customer personal information. Hashing and encryption techniques will be used when sensitive data is stored in all data stores, and secure data transfer protocols (e. g. , SSL, HTTPS, and WS-Security) will be used when data is Personal Information will be secured through the use of data encryption methods and secure networking protocols when data is transmitted over the network.

Relationship between Yoga and Life Satisfaction | Methods

Relationship between Yoga and Life Satisfaction | Methods Criterion-related Validity: Satisfaction With Life Scale correlated with ten other measures of subjective well-being (SWB). Most measures correlated at an r = .50 and above (Diener and Pavot, 1993). Reliability The Satisfaction With Life Scale has shown strong internal reliability of 0.57 – 0.75 in a sample of undergraduate university students and from 0.63 – 0.81 in a sample of elderly persons (Diener et al., 1985 cited in Teasell, 2011) and moderate temporal stability. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.82 for a 2-month interval and 0.84 for a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability of 0.83 was established for 2 weeks to 4 years interval (Diener, 1985 cited in Teasell, 2011). Normative data Normative data is available for a diverse population including older adults, college students, prisoners, brain injury patients and abused women (Diener and Pavot, 1993). 3.3.3. PROCEDURE Stratified random sampling was used where the sample was divided into two strata for the two comparative groups of yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners. In order to administer the test, permission was taken from Yoga institutes, yoga classes and companies, and consent was taken from prospective subjects for the sample of this research study. Following their consent, each individual was assured that no information would be disclosed and the same would be used purely for research purposes. On agreement of these terms, demographic details were taken, the standardized instructions were given and the Satisfaction with Life Scale was administered. As such, life satisfaction was not sensitive to testing conditions (Kozma, Stone and Stones, 1997). The sample was also debriefed about the objective of the current research and was appreciated for their co-operation and time. 3.3.4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A randomized between-group post-test only design was employed for the study. Life satisfaction of two independent groups will be compared. The graphical representation of the experimental design is as follows: OÄÂ ± R O2 Where R denotes random selection of the sample O denotes the Life Satisfaction scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale OÄÂ ± denotes the Life Satisfaction scores of Yoga Practitioners on the Satisfaction With Life Scale O2 denotes the Life Satisfaction scores of Non-Yoga Practitioners on the Satisfaction With Life Scale 3.3.5. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS T-test is the appropriate analysis for a randomized between-group post-test only experimental design because it is used to compare the means of two independent samples and to determine if there is significant difference between them. Thus, the statistical analysis of the T-test was used to study if there was significant difference in the means of the two comparative groups on Life Satisfaction measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale. 3.4. SUMMARY This chapter described the methodology employed for this research. This included the variables under study with their operational definitions, the controlled variables, and the hypothesis formulated on the basis of literature review. It also described the sample under study, the tool employed, the procedure followed for data collection, the experimental design and the statistical analysis. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. INTRODUCTION This chapter comprises of the two sections namely, the statistical analysis of the data obtained and the discussion of the results. 4.2. RESULTS This section entails the statistical analysis of the obtained data for the two groups, yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners using Descriptive Statistics and Independent Samples T-test. Table 4.1. (a) showing Descriptive Statistics for Yoga Practitioners and Non Yoga Practitioners on the Satisfaction With Life Scale. From Table 4.1. (a) showing the descriptive statistics for the two comparative groups it was observed that the total sample (N) consisted of 200 individuals, 100 yoga practitioners and 100 non-yoga practitioners. For the group of non-yoga practitioners, the Mean was calculated to be 23.71 with a Standard Deviation of 3.19. For the group of yoga practitioners, the Mean was calculated to be 27.75 with a Standard Deviation of 2.98. Table 4.1. (b) showing Independent Sample T-test for the sample of Yoga Practitioners and Non-Yoga Practitioners on Life Satisfaction. Table 4.1. (b) shows the Independence Sample T-test for the two comparative groups, yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners on life satisfaction. In the Levenes Test for Equality of Variances, the F value obtained was 0.51 which was significant at the 0.47 level indicating that the homogeneity in the sample was maintained. Thus, equal variances were assumed. In the T-test for Equality of Means, the t value obtained was 9.22 with df value (degree of freedom) of 198 which was significant at the 0.000 level. The mean difference obtained was 4.04. The significant difference obtained between the two comparative groups thus indicated that yoga practitioners showed significantly higher life satisfaction compared to non-yoga practitioners. 4.3. DISCUSSION The present study is a comparative study of yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners on life satisfaction. From the above section, the t value of 9.22 was significant at the 0.000 level. Thus the hypothesis stating that ‘the scores on life satisfaction will be significantly higher for yoga practitioners than non-yoga practitioners’ was accepted because the statistical analysis of the obtained data showed a significant difference between the two groups. In congruence to the above findings, previous researches done on the practice of yoga and satisfaction with life are listed below. Gharote (1982) studied the psychophysiological effects of meditation (Pranayama) and yogasanas on personality and use of yoga in therapy over a period of one year on several individuals who enrolled at the College of Yoga and Cultural Synthesis at Kaivalyadhyama, Lonavala. On various testing grounds, meditation and yogasanas decreased neuroticism, increased extroversion and self-control, self-actualization, happiness and psychological well-being (Gharote, 1982). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased happiness and life satisfaction. Bhushan (1998) studied the effect of a 14 month yoga course on measures of psychological well-being. The Satisfaction With Life Scale and Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered before and after the yoga course to 139 employed individuals. When the pre and post intervention scores obtained for the two variables, life satisfaction and anxiety were compared, an interesting finding was seen. There was a significant decrease for those with initial high levels of anxiety, and life satisfaction had increased after the yoga course (Bhushan, 1998 cited in Thomas, 2008) From the above study it was inferred that yoga increased life satisfaction and reduced anxiety. Jhansi (2007) studied the impact of yoga training on self-ideal disparity (incongruence between real self and ideal self) and psychological well-being on an experimental sample of 19 adults who had completed a yoga training course for six months and a control sample of 19 adults who had newly enrolled for the same. The experimental sample was tested after their yoga course and the control sample was tested before it on self-ideal disparity and on a scale of psychological well-being. Results revealed that the experimental group showed

Glory Days, When Horsepower and Passion Ruled Detroit :: essays research papers

Glory Days, When Horsepower and Passion Ruled Detroit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Glory Days, When Horsepower and Passion Ruled Detroit by Jim Wangers is a comprehensive look at Pontiac Motor Division in its heyday through the eyes of its chief advertiser. The rise and fall of the pop culture fad of muscle cars at Pontiac and its fall during the early 1970’s is explained in this book from a man who played a large part in Pontiac’s success. There are many candid stories and little known facts presented by the author to precisely let the reader understand the thoughts of Pontiac and how it accomplished its goal of selling overly fast cars to our nations youth. Glory Days, When Horsepower and Passion ruled Detroit is an interesting and enjoyable guide to Pontiac’s heyday through the author’s personal experiences and explanations about Pontiac muscle cars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of Jim Wangers personal experiences were very fascinating and made the book very tough to put down. One of his most appealing experiences was when he personally became a Pontiac sponsored race driver. Wangers told the story of how he won the 1960 NHRA Championship and how he narrowly lost by only tenths of a second in the final race. He explained through vivid details on how he raced to sell the cars he was promoting through his advertising. He coined the phrase, â€Å"Win on Sunday, Sell on Monday†. Jim explains another tantalizing story about how he and John Delorean created the first muscle car.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Delorean and Jim Wangers would frequently test Pontiac’s new cars out at Pontiac’s test track in upper Michigan. They both figured out the idea of putting this larger engine in this small Lemans. When this happened the muscle car era was born. This was the first account of a factory putting a large engine in a small car. Wangers then explained that he and Delorean had changed American pop culture forever with their muscle car. His account on how this was done and how America was changed with this simple idea was simply amazing. Wangers also pulls in readers with his history of the cars that Pontiac made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most influential car Pontiac made was the GTO. He told the tale of how this mid-size car changed the auto industry and shaped a whole generation of children in the 1960’s. The tale on how this was accomplished by Wangers was told with clever side stories about promotional contests and cunning advertising the enraged the U.

Origins of the British East India Company and Its Influence on the Brit

The British East India Company played a key role in one of the most successful periods of British history. The East India Company was responsible for the invasion of the Indian subcontinent, which became one of the empire’s leading supplier of profits. The East India Company was responsible for the overthrow of Hong Kong and other Asian countries; it was responsible for creating Britain’s Asian empire. The British East India Company began as a joint-stock corporation of traders and investors which was granted a Royal charter by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East. The original name of the corporation when it first formed was Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (Landow). They joined together to generate money importing spices from South Asia. James Lancaster was in charge of the 1st company voyage in 1601 that sailed around the coast of South Africa and across the Indian Ocean, arriving back in London in 1603 with ships filled with pepper. In the 1600s, pepper was the most significant part of the British East India Company’s commerce. The group established its first Asian factory in Bantam and â€Å"it was here that the English were able to expand into other parts of Asia† (The [British East India] Company Story). Market at Bantam was multicultural because of other merchants from Arab, Turkey, Iran, and China trading products from their own nations. The company had woolen cloth and silver, but Asian traders favored Indian textiles which were good quality; therefore, it had to uncover ways to get fabrics from India. In 1611, after failed attempts to enter into agreement with Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, the British East India Company enquired King James 1 to send a representative. The ambassad... ...t finally â€Å"went out of existence in 1873† (Landow). In the course of its supremacy, the British East India Company created trade across the Middle East and Asia. It regulated its own regions and played a role in influencing the American Revolution. The company’s products were the source of the Boston Tea Party in colonial America. Works Cited "The [British East India] Company Story." History. Trading Places. The British Library Board, n.d. Web, 3 Jun 2011. "The Boston Tea Party, 1773." EyeWitness to History. Ibis Communications, Inc., 2002. Web. 3 Jun 2011. Landow, George P. "The British East India Company: The Company that Owned a Nation (or Two)." George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University. Victorian Web. George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University, 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 3 Jun 2011.

Analysis of the Movie, Disclosure Essay -- Disclosure Movies Sex Films

Disclosure is a drama/thriller. The genre for this movie states, â€Å"Sex is Power†. Tom is a happily married man, a successful computer expert, and works for a major computer company â€Å"Digicom†, which is about to merge. He believes he is going to receive a promotion because of all his devotion and work for the company. Instead the job goes to Meredith, who is from another plant and with whom he was romantically involved in his bachelor days. She is now his new boss, who is very aggressive, sexy and dedicated to destroy him after he refuses to have an affair with her. She files sexual harassment under false pretenses, he charges her on the same charges however he is telling the truth. Once this is over with, Tom needs to solve a major production problem set up by Meredith. He gathers evidence against her not only proving she was the one that sexually harassed him but also she was the cause of the conspiracy in â€Å"Digicom†. Meredith is fired and Tom contin ues his work for the company. Meredith and Tom have entered a race to be in control at the firm. In general both of them have to have similar personality traits in order to have reached as high as they have in the company. There have been various events that are the deciding factors of who will make or break it; their specific personality characteristics will be the deciding point as to who will come out on top. Both Meredith and Tom show internal locus of control. Internal locus of control is believing that their own behavior and actions are the leading reasons for your life’s outcome (pg. 45). They believe in working hard to move up and if they cannot accomplish something it is because they are not trying hard enough. Tom starts to waver between internal and external locus of control through out the movie. When he was on the fairy to work he met a man that had been laid off and gave him a card and told him to call about job possibilities. On his way home he saw the man that had been looking for a job and Tom did not talk to him, it seemed that since he was passed up for a promotion and was not guaranteed his current position he felt he would be looking for a new job too. He did not feel he was in control of things since he worked so hard and was passed up. Another turn in his locus of control was in the sexual harassment case. As things get harder with the sexual harassment cas e and his files are taken... ...it has higher level of authority and the reaction it had on the whole entire structure of the organization. Management styles and specific personality traits can also play a role in leading to rise or fall of someone’s career. In the end good moral tactics paid off and the organization was placed in the hands of moral management. Works Cited Hellriegel Don, Slocum John W., & Woodman Richard W. Organizational Behavior. Ohio: South Western College P, 2001 Internet Movie Database Ltd. â€Å"Disclosure†. IMD 2000-2001 http://us.imdb.com/Title?0109635 Disclosure. Dir: Berry Levinson. Baltimore Pictures. Videocassette. Warner Bros. 1994 CAST: Michael Douglas: Tom Sanders Demi Moore: Meredith Johnson Donald Sutherland: Bob Garvin Caroline Goodall: Susan Hendler Roma Maffia: Catherine Alvarez Dylan Baker: Philip Blackburn Rosemary Forsyth: Stephanie Kaplan Dennis Miller (I): Mark Lewyn Suzie Plakson: Mary Anne Hunter Nicholas Sadler: Don Cherry Jacqueline Kim: Cindy Chang Joe Urla: John Conley Jr Michael Chieffo: Stephen Chase Joseph Attanasio: Furillo Faryn Einhorn: Eliza Sanders

Hiding Behind the Mask

As a non-traditional student attending college, I sometimes ponder on how I have secluded myself. I am taking both online and face-to-face classes, and seem to hide my fears one time or another. Like Paul Laurence Dunbar in his poem, â€Å"We Wear the Mask† I can tell that different types of people do hide behind the mask rather than being honest with themselves, because I seem to do that also, whether it is to save ourselves or the feelings of another. When I participate in my online classes, I seem to say things in discussions that I wouldn’t say in a face-to-face setting, so I seem to hide behind a mask while in my classes. The mask hides my fears, and emotions that I would be ashamed to show otherwise. As in â€Å"We Wear the Mask† they also have fears, and emotions, but their fears are of the history that they have suffered. We all seem to put on fake faces and pretend for many different reasons. As an argument, however, I hide behind a mask not for negativity or intentional, but it does allow me to respond with my real thoughts and ideas. Dunbar’s mask is used to hide their true selves behind grins, and lies. However, I believe many people hide behind a mask because of being ashamed to show a part of their real identities, or because of a lie in one form or another. I believe one should learn from the past, and take off the mask so that you can clearly see what lies ahead.

Why Do Ads Target Children?

Why do Ads Target Children? Have you ever been in an isle of a store and heard, but mom I really want this I saw it on television? This is a product of advertising. Since the late 1980’s children have emerged as a key demographic to marketers. Advertisements selling everything from the latest video game to the newest automobile are now targeted to the youth of our world. Children have buying power that sways their parents’ purchases, and they are the future consumer. Marketing to children is creating the children’s ability to nag a parent into purchases. Nagging or â€Å"Pester Power† is the most used strategy in the market today. The theory behind this is rather than going straight to the parent, give the child the buying power. Children are much more persuasive in the middle of a shopping trip than that commercial the parent heard two hours ago. Children often get their â€Å"wants† based on their persistence of needing a product. If someone asks you whether you want a Coke or Pepsi, you immediately know you're being asked about a carbonated cola beverage — with distinct yet subtle differences between the two. Which ever brand you choose, Coke or Pepsi shows that somewhere along the line you developed a preference for that product. In Advertising it is called product loyalty. Marketers use Repetition of products children have no current use for such as a Ford Truck to build brand recognition in hopes that as an adult they will buy that Ford verses the Chevrolet. It also works with things such as Cake mixes. A child watches the Betty Crocker cake mix ad, nags the parent into buying and using the product. Then in turn buys the product as an adult based on their experience as a child. The Market has seen a new angle to encourage children to buy brand X over the competitor’s product. Many schools have lost funding due to our economic downfall. So advertisers such as Campbell’s soup have come up with campaigns such as â€Å"Labels for Education†. Basically you buy their product. Send in the label and earn stuff for your school. This gives both children and parents a creditable reason for buying the product. Corporations are also gaining access to advertise in public schools in exchange for materials. Frito Lay will sponsor events in schools in exchange for tagging their logo n flyers advertising the event. Children are easily influenced by things they see. Nine times out of ten a child will pick the cereal with Hannah Montana on the box over the box that she’s not on. Since the days of radio children have been introduced to the idea that if I want to be a star I should eat the same cereals that the stars’ eats. The use of role mode ls and celebrities to influence children is used everywhere. If it is meant for the use or consumption of a child you will most likely find a celebrity attached to it. On average there are three televisions and one computer in every home. So it is no wonder how advertising can reach so many children. Just a child sitting down to do some school researches can be inundated with hundreds of advertisements in an hour’s time. A half hour television special contains at the least 10 minutes of commercials. Just about everywhere you look someone is trying to sell something. Although, children have no direct income of their own we often overlook their buying power. In today’s busy world parents have tendency to buy more to satisfy their children. From candy bars to flat screens never underestimate the buying power of a whining child.

Imperialism Essay

One negative effect imperialism had been that the Africans were being stripped of their land. In document 4 an African proverb states that â€Å"the whites† had taken their land and changed their faith, displaying the amount of power â€Å"the whites† have. Europeans first sent out missionaries to spread their religion to these non-industrialized countries. After the Europeans have set their religion in they would bring in the big guns and take their land. A West African nationalist, Sekou Toure, describes how imperialists look down upon Africans as savages who couldn’t rule and absorbed colonies into their empire, his purpose for the document was possibly to unite people against the whites. The imperialists would basically bully weaker countries until they lacked self-confidence and just eventually give up their land. Once the imperialists absorbed these colonies they would use their raw materials to support their industrialization back at their homeland. Although it appears that Africans being stripped of their land is a negative effect, a journal containing entries about country invasion by a military officer would help to clarify whether this is true. Another negative impact imperialism had been the exploitation of Africans for work. An unknown artist drew a picture of an Asian man and an African man pulling a military officer in a wagon to show the power that European nations have above others. Bigger/more powerful nations are taking advantage of the people settled in lands that aren’t industrialized or as rich. David Diop displayed how â€Å"The White Man† takes advantage of in Africans in An Anthology of West African Verse that describes the death of his father and brother and his mother being raped. In the second to last line Diop called â€Å"The White Man† the â€Å"Conqueror† because he truly did conquer Diop’s family and freedom. The â€Å"Conqueror† left Diop with nothing except forcing him into slavery. A German cartoon titled â€Å"Thus colonize the English† shows a man in uniform squeezing coins out of an African while another man is feeding the African water and a priest preaching in the background. The purpose of this illustration is to show the only value/importance an African American has is for its use of labor. Europeans see indigenous people as a way for them to make money. Mistreatment and forcing religion onto these people was common in order for them to have â€Å"power† of them. Although it appears that Africans were exploited by imperialist Europeans for work, a survey of the amount of pay African workers receive and their type of labor would help to clarify whether this is true. Imperialism did bring out a positive effect that was that the industrialized European nations and non-industrialized, agricultural societies both benefited from each other. O. P. Austin, the author of â€Å"Does Colonization Pay†, described how imperialism benefits progressive nations and the tropic colonies. This was written to persuade/inform the skeptics or people against imperialism. The positive effects would be that if the tropic colonies allowed the progressive nations to control garden spots then in return they would build schools and roads. These progressive nations claimed that they gave â€Å"these people the benefit of other blessings of civilization which they have not the means of creating themselves. † The document Imperialism and World Politics by Parker T.  Moore explains the different groups of people involved in imperialism to show the chain of command/importance. Imperialism involves more than just the military that take over the land, manufacturers have interest in colonial markets, and bankers are the most important because the money used for loan to build ships and railways. Although it appears that both nations benefitted from imperialism, newspaper articles from both nations about the status of their economy and politics would help to clarify whether this is true.

Walmart 2012

Introduction Walmart has more than 10,020 retail units which is spread across 28 countries and operates under 60 banners. It sells both by brick and mortar (traditional stores) and Brick and click (e-commerce) formats. The average size of each Walmart store is more than a 1, 00,000 (1lac) square feet. Its store operations are categorized into following. 1. Walmart discount stores 2. Walmart super centers 3. Walmart neighborhood markets Walmart express stores Marketing Mix: Product and branding strategies (appropriate service strategy if the company has a consumer orientation).Walmart is a multinational retailer; in short it has every product or a brand which a person could see in his day to day life. The broad range of product categories include movies, crafts, gifts, college essentials, Electronic items, home appliance, jewellery, photo centre,   toys, outdoor living, funeral, grocery, video games etc Pricing strategies. Walmart business model doesn’t include manufacturing of any product; it procures products across the globe in large quantities in order to enjoy benefits of economies of scale. This makes price of Walmart to offer products at 15% lower price than other retailers.Walmart uses different pricing concepts to get focus of the customers and compel a purchasing behaviour through discount strategies. Sam Walton coined the term â€Å"Always lows prices† and â€Å"Everyday low prices†; according to this each product is offered at different discount prices based on the time and demand of the hour. The consumer electronics are offered at a very low price compared to other retailers. Supply chain strategies (how they place the product in the market). Walmart has been able to assume market leadership position primarily due to its efficient integration of suppliers, manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution to stores.Its supply chain strategy has four key components: vendor partnerships, cross docking and distribution management, te chnology, and integration. Walmart’s supply chain begins with strategic sourcing to find products at the best price from suppliers who are in a position to ensure they can meet demand. Walmart establishes strategic partnerships with most of their vendors, offering them the potential for long-term and high volume purchases in exchange for the lowest possible prices. Suppliers then ship product to Walmart’s distribution centers where the product is cross docked and then delivered to Walmart stores.Cross docking, distribution management, and transportation management keep inventory and transportation costs down, reducing transportation time and eliminating inefficiencies. Technology plays a key role in Walmart’s supply chain, serving as the foundation of their supply chain. Walmart has the largest information technology infrastructure of any private company in the world. Its state-of-the-art technology and network design allow Walmart to accurately forecast demand, track and predict inventory levels, create highly efficient transportation routes, and manage customer relationships and service response logistics.Wal-Mart’s supply chain management strategy has provided the company with several sustainable competitive advantages, including lower product costs, reduced inventory carrying costs, improved in-store variety and selection, and highly competitive pricing for the consumer. This strategy has helped Walmart become a dominant force in a competitive global market. As technology evolves, Walmart continues to focus on innovative processes and systems to improve its supply chain and achieve greater efficiency. Integrated marketing communications.Walmart's Integrated marketing communication is their   approach to achieving the objectives of a Marketing campaign , through a well coordinated use of different promotional methods that are intended to reinforce each other. Integrated marketing includes discipline communications advertising, public relations personal selling   and sales promotion. These methods help the corporation bring a better understanding to the consumer   this way they we will know which products best fits the consumers needs. Walmart usually does this through the tv commercials,online website,and weekly circular.Their tv commercials usually show items that are popular and are at a cheaper price then their competition this helps them to get better sales. http://stylesmar100-blog. blogspot. com/2011/11/chap-16-integrated-marketing. html Promotional strategy. Walmart has its own in-store promotional activities which includes sales promotions through product bundling and its pricing strategies. The online store of Walmart earns major revenues from through customers placing online gifts. The pricing strategies adopted by Walmart like â€Å"Everyday low prices†, â€Å"value of the day† increases the sales turnover.The online store uses strategies to pull customer by attractive slogans like ‘Grab it before it’s done’ which pushes customer to take a purchase decision immediately before the deals get expired. The company's presence in domestic and international markets. Walmart operates stores in 27 countries under 69 different banners. Learn more below about our store formats around the world. Walmart began building Supercenters in 1988 – a decision that led us to become the nation’s largest grocer. Today, there are more than 3,000 Supercenters in the U. S. Each store is about 182,000 square feet and employs bout 300 associates. Today, we operate more than 600 discount stores. There are now about 200 Neighborhood Markets in the U. S. The company's vision and execution of strategy that set its direction. Wal-Mart's advertised mission statement and its advertising slogan are the same: â€Å"We save people money so they can live better. † â€Å"If we work together, we’ll lower the cost of living for everyone†¦weâ €™ll give the world an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life. † The company's plans for growing and servicing its customer base.In order to fulfill its mission, Wal-Mart has developed some unique, policies, principles, rules, processes and procedures, the sum total of which form the Wal-Mart stores corporate culture: 4. Open Door Policy – Managers' doors are open to employees at all levels 5. Sundown Rule – Answering employee, customer, and supplier questions on the same day the questions are received 6. Grass Roots Process – Capturing suggestions and ideas from the sales floor and front lines 7. 3 Basic Beliefs & Values – Respect for the Individual, Service to our Customers, Striving for Excellence 8. 0-Foot Rule – Making eye contact, greeting, and offering help to customers who come within 10 feet 9. Servant Leadership – Leaders are in service to their team Wal-Mart Cheer – An actual struc tured chant that was created by founder Sam Walton to lift morale every morning http://www. usanfranonline. com/wal-mart-successful-supply-chain-management/ http://www. marketing91. com/marketing-mix-walmart/ http://retailindustry. about. com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/Wal-Mart-Mission-Statement. htm

Sociology (Reaction paper 3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology (Reaction paper 3) - Essay Example The right to free speech, the right to gather with one another to discuss thoughts and ideas, are among the many rights that individuals seek to have for themselves. While many are fortunate and achieve those very rights, some are not as lucky. From the beginning until the era of the feminist movement, the rights of women would pale in comparison to the men around them. Most notably, their ability to vote and also their presence within the work force. Not only the question as to whether or not they would work but also the consideration given, to what placement they would have within the corporate structure. The role of the United States should be as a leader for the cause. The very nation that would not only ensure the rights of its own citizenry but also, seek to ensure the rights of the millions of other people that live throughout the world. To show the other world leaders that, by maintaining a practice of human rights protection, it can only serve to benefit the success of the nation as a whole, rather than it being a hindrance. Thomas Jefferson, one of the most notable founding members of the United States, would speak eloquently about the notion of all men being created equal. With the ability to vote being given to women and later on during the 60s being given to African Americans, the level of credence to the idea of protecting basic human rights, would be placed on the forefront. Seeking to classify both women and African Americans not by gender and/or race but rather, seeing them for the human being that they are. Going below the surface and realizing that, in all reality, every human being remains just that at their core.. a human being. Each and everyone deserving of the same rights as others, no more and no less. To define prejudice, that would be the act of placing judgment upon a person, place and/or thing, without having any personal experience on the matter. Such as, hearing a negative story from another

Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Film Review - Essay Example The crux of the story revolves around the well known adventure and archaeologist Dr. Henry – â€Å"Indiana† Jones when he is summoned back into action and gets entangled in a plot by the Soviets to unearth the secret behind the sinister yet mysterious artifacts of the Crystal Skulls. At the time of the Cold War, Professor Henry James is tracked down by Soviet agents when they find him accepting a coded message that was sent to him from an old and demented colleague, played by Henry Oxley. The brilliant and adventurous Irina Spalko leads the Soviets and trails Jones and Mutt the young man to Peru. Making use of Oxley’s code, they chance upon a legendary skull carved from a single piece of Quartz. The main knot of the story lay in the fact that if Jones found the skull and transferred it to its rightful place, then everything would be calm and peaceful, but in case Irina found it and took it to it’s place of origin, she would be endowed with exceptional powers that would endanger the West. The professor and the young man join hands with a lady from Jone’s past to face the dangers of the tumultuous jungle. Spielberg’s brilliance can be seen in almost every frame and the movie captivates or engulfs its audience. This 122 min. film keeps the audience pinned to their seats as the intriguing drama unfolds. Such a mega movie needs the backing of a big company and that was shouldered by Paramount Pictures, USA. With the sound mix in Dolby Digital, the soundtracks were old but very famous numbers by popular artists. The first was â€Å"Hound Dog† lyrics penned by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and originally performed by the enigmatic Elvis Presley, the second track was the â€Å"Howdy Doody Theme†, the third was the famous â€Å"Wake up little Susie† originally performed by the Everly Brothers and the other tracks were â€Å"Little Bitty Pretty

The affects of children raised by homosexual parents Research Paper

The affects of children raised by homosexual parents - Research Paper Example This is because many cultures do not view the homosexual lifestyle as ethical and thus feel that children who are adopted by homosexual parents are likely to be subjected to abuses of different kinds. The principle argument against gay parenting is focused on the assertion that marriage is principally a dual-gendered institution which has the ability to naturally procreate. Marriage is the sole institution that is tasked with producing human capital for the coming generations. Same-sex parents cannot naturally produce children. This is an obvious indication; according to many opponents of gay parenting those children who are adopted by same sex parents are likely to suffer emotionally and physically, in some cases. This will happen because gay parents do not have the skills necessary to bring up well adjusted children who will benefit humankind. Statistics According to Regnerus (2012) more same sex couples are able to adopt children today than was the case in the past Owing to the ra tification of laws, mainly in developed nations, which recognize the rights of same sex parents. In America alone, it is estimated that 65, 500 children have been adopted into same sex unions. California has the largest number of same sex couples (16, 000) who have adopted children. According to Brodzinsky and Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute (2011) foreign born adopted children are more likely to end up in same sex unions than American children. The Development of Children raised by Homosexual Parents Identity There are many studies that have been conducted on the issues and concerns that face children who are raised by homosexual parents. From these studies, it is evident that the most important factor has to do with identity. According to Wainright, Russell and Patterson (2004) children raised by homosexual parents, particularly if they were adopted and not the result of artificial insemination, tend to have more emotional challenges than those raised by heterosexual parents. While there are larger percentages of emotional disturbances among people with homosexual lifestyles, and this inadvertently affects any children they adopt, the main cause of turmoil in their children is likely to be Owing to identity issues, according to (Wainright, Russell and Patterson, 2004). Any adopted child requires a family with a mother and father more than children who were not adopted. The child will innately desire to identify with an institution that basically reflects the two people that gave him or her life. Being adopted by homosexual parents can result in more trauma other than that of abandonment because the child also has to deal with the incident of being in a family that is unlike that of his original parents. As far as the child can see, he or she has no has no biological chain. An adopted child already suffers from the wound of abandonment. Being put in a home with homosexual parents adds the responsibility of the child being forced to adapt to the affective life style choices of the adoptive parents. Any child who is given to national organizations for adoptive purposes has been separated from his or her primary caregiver- his mother. This, alone, could result in the incidence of attachment disorders. The attachment to a singular maternal individual in the first eight months of life is vital in the psychological development of any human being. Bringing up a

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) Thesis

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) - Thesis Example Aims and Objectives of the Research Acknowledging the vital role of CSR in the present global economic market, this research intends †¢ To analyze corporate social responsibility †¢ To analyze the impact of CSR to companies in the banking and pharmaceutical sectors of Australia †¢ To evaluate the CSR performance of some banking and pharmaceutical organizations in Australia †¢ To conduct a comparative study of CSR performance of some companies in the banking and pharmaceutical sectors of Australia †¢ To examine the relationship of the CSR performance vis-a-vis the financial performance of the companies †¢ To determine the continued relevance of CSR in the 21st century This research is significant in the face of the controversies surrounding CSR after the Enron, Exxon, BP Shell, and other similar events. Likewise, the research is necessary, as it will provide a conceptual analysis of CSR with the context of the several criticisms in CSR. This is significan t based on the idea that CSR should be given a re-look as it has been used to conceal illicit activities (Lin-Hi, 2009). Moreover, it will help in providing a better understanding of the relationship between CSR and the organization by learning how does CSR contribute both to the growth of the corporations and to the good of the society. Finally, the research is crucial, as it will shed light to the issue whether CSR is still appropriate for the global economic market or there is already a need for a new paradigm (Karnani, 2010; Ries et al, 2005). Research Question This study has one vital problem â€Å"Is there still relevance for CSR in the 21st Century?† In order to address this question, the researcher will be addressing three key sub-questions. These are 1. What is the... This study has one vital problem â€Å"Is there still relevance for CSR in the 21st Century?† In order to address this question, the researcher will be addressing three key sub-questions. These are: 1. What is the nature of CSR? 2. How does CSR shape or influence the importance of an organization? 3. What is the relationship between CSR and CFP? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an integral part of organizations in the modern era (Hemingway, 2002). It re-affirms the notion that organizations are not removed from the reality of the society where they are incorporated (Crane et al, 2008). Instead, it shows the fact that people have seemed modern organizations as actors in society and as such, are responsible to all the identified stakeholders of the company (Orliztsky, Seigle and Waldman, 2011). In this framework, the literature review will look into the factors that have contributed to the misgivings regarding CSR, the status of the current debates regarding the ‘g oods’ derived from CSR, and the common understanding of CSR. This is important, as it will help clarify any conceptual ambiguities that may be inherent in the concept of CSR, and at the same time, guides in the understanding of CSR within the context of the 21st century â€Å"Great Destruction†. This conceptual clarification will assist in evaluating and determining not only the relationship of CSR with the financial performance and social performance of the organizations, but it will assist in the determination of the continued relevance of CSR in the 21st century.

Differences between Realism and Neo-realism Essay

Differences between Realism and Neo-realism - Essay Example The benefit of understanding theories of International Relations is that it permits an individual to carry out complicated analyses of ideas regarding International Relations. Theories of International relations are split into two groups, those that solve problems, and those that are decisive. Problem solving theories take the world as it is and tackle problems the way they exist in the system. Critical theories, on the other hand, raise the issues of originality of the obtainable organizations; they are likely to be rejected. Nevertheless, the two theories that this essay is going to focus on are under the category of problem solving theories. Realism theory was created before neo-realism. It is also the universally espoused theory of international relations that is greatly appreciated amongst researchers and learners. Advocates of realism have an unenthusiastic view about human nature; they believe that people are obsessed with their personal welfare. Their argument is based on the competition they have among them that. Therefore, to them realism portrays international relationships as a battle for power among self-centred countries and is equally  cynical regarding the views of eradicating conflicts and war. Additionally, studies indicate that international relations have been subjugated by realism for over 60 years. However, during this time, the theory of realism has gone through various transformations. These transformations are categorized into two schools, namely classical and neorealist (Bajpai & Mallavarapu 2004, p.491). Therefore, in order to identify the differences between realism and neo-realism, one has to critically understand them and be able to tell if neo-realism is an advance of realism. For that reason, the rationale of this essay highlights the differences between the two realist theories The Role of Morality Realism and Neo-realism are two diverse schools of thoughts .They show their differences from the international relations point of view. They differ in their manner of handling problems that are caused by the disputes of international relations. Consequently, even if the two theories are different, various aspects make them similar; some of these factors include the balance of power and anarchism. For instance, they both believe that there is existence of anarchy in international systems in which every state act autonomously, and is at liberty from interruptions from any global dominating body. In the state of anarchy, every country relies on itself and its major concerns; hence, it only deals with its own safety measures. In addition to that, both schools of thoughts have the similar opinion that the state is the prime actor in the international ground. Neo-realist scholars such as Kenneth Waltz think that anarchy among states is unavoidable, but do not trust that human nature have the capacity to handle the issues (Joseph, 2010, p.176). Power and conflicts The theory of the balance of power can be traced as far back as Thucydides who accredited it to the start of the Peloponnesian War. For classical realists like Morgenthau, the balance of  power was â€Å"a universal social occurrence that was instituted on all stages of social relations.† He  believed that the balance of power would appear â€Å"of need† as countries tried to declare their  control on the global arena. Morgenthau viewed the balance of power in the nineteenth century because of a sturdy global culture guided by the powerful nations in which it was made (Keohane 1986, p.631). Realists consider power as a stop in itself while neo-realists see  power as simply a way of bringing a solution. Moreover, as much as realists of all influences concur that those who take part in

Homeostasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Homeostasis - Essay Example This is because they could lead even to the eventual death of the person. The body system is requires consistent regulation in order to allow other functions to remain constant. Therefore, homeostasis as a biological function is tasked with regulation of the internal conditions to ensure that the human body is stable. On that account, as a medium of maintaining a dynamic range of environmental qualities, homeostasis possesses control mechanisms that have receptors of sensing stimulus. This means that information is sent to a particular control center that determines various stimuli that often elicit a change in organs, muscles, and other vital body structures (Szablewski, 2011). Therefore, instead of holding an internal environment within a given point, homeostasis has the potential of giving a negative feedback that reduces the activity of the organ systems and any other output. Regulation of blood pressure, for instance, is the operation of the negative feedback especially when it assists in the decrease of the heart rate through vasodilation. However, with a set point instead of working range of temperatures, the body can get overworked. This is because the negative feedback mechanism is devoid of regulatory changes that respond effectively to the stimulus. Consequently, a homeostasis imbalance necessitates inefficiency and defective body control systems. A set point equally results to an internal environment with physical changes, risk of illnesses and aging that could destabilize the overall body system. Alternatively, a homeostatic imbalance creates a high concentration of salt in the blood system causing a decline of oxygen in the body. It, thus, generates a chain of homeostatic emotions that include thirst, breathlessness, and warmth (Wood et al., 2012). Likewise, a set point is retrogressive in the body system because it fails to restores vital

Truth and Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Truth and Context - Essay Example When context is all there is no validity for truth. The credibility of the concept of truth is in the acceptance of something that the popular belief teaches as existing. If everything in the world is subject to context, it would mean that there is no thing that may be termed "truth". The concept is philosophically weak, in spite of the long efforts to define and comprehend what "truth" really means. As Bacon in his 'Of Truth' tells, 'What is truth Said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer." (Essays of Francis Bacon). The understanding of truth in relation to context is, therefore, essential especially in the modern world, where "lack of trust mirrors the absence of truth in public life." (Lee 1997). It is of great significance to comprehend what context and truth mean and their relation to one another. There are many definitions for the term "context" and according to the Dictionary of Terms, context "includes the political, social, historical, psychological, institutional, and aesthetic factors that shape the way we understand the performance event." (Dictionary of Terms. 2006). Another definition reads "The circumstances relevant to something under consideration." (CERN Engineering Data Management Service. 2001). There are many such varying definitions all of which means truth in a given circumstances. Context does not give truth in the wider sense of the word. Is it true that context determines and narrows down the scope of truth The various construal of the term truth, an opened ended word, gives the notion that if "context is all" truth is almost impossible. Chris Richards finds that the definition of truth is various and he is interested in the definitions "conformity with fact or reality" and "an obvious or accepted fact". As he points out, the former definition, as in the Correspondence theory, "ties truth with relationship between thoughts and words in one part, and things and objects in the other." (Richards 2007). He also makes clear, as the Constructive Theory teaches that truth is created by social progress. The latter definition seems to be more correct as it gives the notion that truth is understood in the context. We understand the concept truth when there is a mass recognition of the fact. Sociological interpretation of the concept also confirms the Consensus Theory that truth is a matter of conformity. Truth when deemed false is not regarded as true. In the modern life also truth, many a time, goes unrecognised when people around us do not understand the fact in context. Truth, most of the times, is made by the public acceptance, leaving the concept to the discretion of people. Truth is context-bound and relative in nature. Let us not forget that "a bare assertion is not necessarily the naked truth." (Prentice 2007). Therefore, a contextualized view of truth is not completely acceptable. Having said that, one cannot ignore the possibility of this narrow understanding of truth, especially in a modern materialistic world. People understand truth in many possible ways. The popular understanding of truth is relative and only relative truth exists in this modern world. Here, we find not truth but truths. The

Night Photography Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Night Photography Research Paper - Essay Example It was John Adams Whipple that has firstly tried the system of daguerreotype into nigh photography. He captured the moon using a telescope. Following this, he then took photographs of the Boston Common using electric lights. This was in the year 1863. Although Whipple has been taking photographs specifically during at night, night photography had only been positively real with the invention of the gelatin dry plate. Earlier photography had used the wet-collodion process. In this process the negatives are needed to be exposed and processed while still damp. However, with the gelatin dry plate process, the plates were more light sensitive and they allow longer exposures. In 1890, Alfred Stieglitz tried testing the limits of the photography when he tried capturing the New York Streets on wintry night. Aside from this attempt, there was no significant attempt for night photography until the 1930s. The two significant people that have contributed to night photography were Brassai and Bill Brandt. Brassai was responsible for publishing a book of black and white pictures showing the streets of Paris. This book was Paris de Nuit. The photos in Brassai's book were patented by atmosphere. They were moody, revealing and even gives the feeling of detachment from its photographers. After World War II, it was Brandt's turn to show the London streets during its black out condition. Brandt's photos also with them a sense of detachment from their photographer. Many photographers followed Brandt into night photography. Then in the 1970s, night photography became formal when it was taught as a course in the collegiate level by Steve Harper. He taught the course on night photography at the Academy of Art College in San Francisco. After having taught night photography at the academy, the academy had been known for the legacy of night photography. Then come the 1990s where in Michael Kenna became known for being a successful night photographer that time. His works were mostly set in between duck and dawn. Now with the emergence of new technologies, innovations and developments with cameras used, people have an easier way for venturing into the world of night photography. Yet night photography still has areas or aspects in it which is needed to be understood so as how to create and even develop worthwhile pictures. Glitches in Night Photography Just like in sports and landscape photography, night photography also demand a great deal when it comes to shutter speeds and apertures. In some instances, these technical aspects are taken into extremes. Night photography is subjected to a lot of different constraints just like any other photography. Much like daylight photography, night photography could also be hindered by shutter speeds, apertures and light sensitivity. Often times, night photography as said could demand extremes from these areas. In earlier times, many photographers veer away from night photography because of the problems brought about by taking pictures at night. Night photography requires longer exposures so as to maintain the right and enough depth-of-field. More often, it could result to unacceptable amounts of image noise. Another, night photography also poses a problem with the film called "reciprocity failure". This means that the longer the exposure, the more light is needed to reach the film. This case could lead to diminishing returns compared with shorter exposures. Another problem that was encountered earlier was that, the