Crank Mechanism

Name: Monish Kumar (S11065194) The University of the South Pacific MM313 Dynamic Systems Experiment 2- Crank Mechanism Aim: To investigate the relationship between piston displacement and crank angle for different ratios between the connecting rod and the crank. Also to look at the relationship between the turning moment on the crank shaft and crank angle for a given force on the piston. Equipment and Instrument: Introduction: A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa.The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion. Theory: Figure 1. 0: Slider crank mecha nism The slider crank mechanism as shown in figure 1. 0 is a kinematic mechanism. The piston displacement from the top dead centre, x, can be determined from the geometry of the mechanism, in terms of the lengths of the connecting rod, L, and crank, R, and the crank angle, ? can be expressed as x=L+R-(Lcos? -Rcos? ) Also from the geometry, it can be seen that Rsin? =Lsin? And sin? =sin? n Hence cos? =[1+sin? n2]1/2 Where n is a ratio: n=LR Procedure: Part A: 1) No weights and hangers required, the unit initial starting position 0 in the protractor is setup and 90? and 270? protractor positions to be in line with the level lines in each side. 2) The unit is to be setup in its highest point, Top dead centre point was used to work out the displacement value 3) The mounted disc was turned 30? nd the displacement was noted on the results table, this step was again repeated for different angles and different crank positions. Part B: Results: PART A Table 1: Results of Piston Displacement Crank angle| Displacement| | P1 (mm) experiment| P1 (mm) theory| P2 (mm) experiment| P2 (mm) theory| P3 (mm) experiment| P3 (mm) theory| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 30| 3| 3. 180748214| 5| 4. 252344481| 7| 5. 324742758| 45| 7| 6. 86291501| 10| 9. 20565874| 13| 11. 55001055| 60| 12| 11. 51142198| 17| 15. 51081741| 20| 19. 51263112| 90| 22| 22. 02041029| 31| 30. 01960212| 39| 38. 2202662| 120| 31| 31. 51142198| 45| 43. 51081741| 53| 55. 51263112| 135| 35| 35. 14718626| 50| 48. 80363849| 63| 62. 4616988| 150| 38| 37. 82176437| 53| 52. 74976709| 68| 67. 67857183| 180| 39| 40| 56| 56| 71| 72| Table 2: calculation of the angle ? Crank angle| ? | 0| 0| 30| 5. 73917| 45| 8. 130102| 60| 9. 974222| 90| 11. 53696| 120| 9. 974222| 135| 8. 130102| 150| 5. 73917| 180| 1. 40E-15| Graph of Displacement (mm) vs. Crank angle position (? ) Sample Calculation: For Displacement P1 at 30? crank angle. To find, ? , n = 5 sin? =sin? n ?=sin-1sin? n=sin-1sin305=5. 73917?To calculate the theoretical displacement, x : x=r1-cos? +nr(1-cos? ) x=201-cos30+nr1-cos5. 73917=3. 180748214 mm Discussion: 1. After plotting the graph of Displacement versus the crank angle position, the graph show that the experimental values and the theoretical displacement can be compared, the experimental plot and the theoretical plot are almost same. 2. From the results graph the graph show that the measured displacement follows the theoretical curve very well. The maximum difference between the experimental and theoretical displacement is 2 mm. 3. For full rotation i. e. 60? the motion of the piston is close to simple harmonic, after 180? the displacement will gradually decrease to 0, it will form a cosine graph. PART B: Piston Balance and Forces Table 3: Piston balance and forces Angle (? )| No added Piston Weight P3 (N)| 4N Added Piston Weight P3 (N)| | LHS| RHS| LHS| RHS| 0| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 30| 5. 3| 4. 9| 5. 8| 4. 9| 45| 5. 5| 4. 9| 6. 1| 4. 9| 60| 5. 7| 4. 9| 6. 3| 4. 9| 90| 5. 8| 4. 9| 6. 2| 4. 9| 120| 5 . 5| 4. 9| 5. 8| 4. 9| 135| 5. 3| 4. 9| 5. 6| 4. 9| 150| 5. 1| 4. 9| 5. 5| 4. 9| 180| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 5. 3| 225| 4. 9| 5. 3| 4. | 6. 5| 270| 4. 9| 5. 4| 4. 9| 6| 315| 4. 9| 5. 5| 4. 9| 5. 7| Graph of Weights vs. Angle (No added Piston Weight P3 (N)) Graph of Weights vs. Angle (4N added Piston Weight P3 (N)) Discussion: 1) Experimental results was not satisfactory, there was some errors made which was due to friction between the mounted disc and the protractor. 2) After looking at the results graph the greatest amount of force approximately at 60? to 90? for no added piston weight. The weight is 5. 8 N at LHS whereas for 4N added piston weight the greatest amount of force is 6. 5 N at 225? RHS. Conclusion:The kinematic motion of the crank mechanism can be expressed in terms of the lengths of the crank and the conrod, and the displacement of the crankshaft. The experimental measurements of piston displacement agree with the prediction of a theoretical model of the piston motion. Due to friction errors were made in the second part of the experiment but still manage to get the results to find out the greatest amount of force being exerted on crank mechanism. Reference: Experiment 2 – Crank Mechanism. (2013). Suva, Fiji Islands. Kearney, M. (2005, August 15). Kinematics of a Slider- crank mechanism.

The Last Supper by Leonardo Davinci

The Last Supper by Leonardo Ad Vinci The renaissance marked a point in time in which it was the most advanced society had ever been. The renaissance sparked a revolution in art. Artwork became more realistic. Although religious topics continued to be a dominant subject matter, artists used linear perspective, greater facial expressions, and three-dimensional techniques to make paintings more realistic. The Last Supper by Leonardo Ad Vinci, created during the Renaissance, exhibits many of those values from that period, including the portrayal of religious subjects and the use of a realistic style and respective.Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy (â€Å"Louvre†). Leonardo father was 25 and his name was San Piper and his mother was a peasant named Catering. After Leonardo birth, his father took custody and his mother went on and married someone else. Leonardo had ended up with a total of 17 half brothers and sisters (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vinci Paintings†). He had access to many scholarly texts while growing up. He also grew up amidst Vine's long tradition of art (â€Å"Renaissance†). At the age of 15, Leonardo became an apprentice at Andrea del Overreach in Florence.Even though he was an apprentice, he was better than his master. In 1477, he left his apprenticeship and opened his own shop(â€Å"Renaissance†). Looking to make some money, he entered the service of the Duke Ludicrous Sports and duchess Beatrice detest of Milan in 1482. He spent 17 years in their service, painting, sculpting, and designing weapons, buildings, and machinery. During those years his artistic and scientific achievements peaked. While in the service of the Duke and the Duchess, he studied nature, aviation, thematic, and engineering, including designing the churches and fortresses.He also designed weapons, including tanks and submarines. In addition, he studied anatomy, producing many sketches of the human form. He was interested in so many things, that he usually didn't finish what he started. One exception to this is The Last Supper (â€Å"Renaissance†). In 1495, the Duke commissioned him to paint The Last Supper (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vine's Life†). The painting is fairly big, measuring about xx Ft. It is a mural, which meaner it was painted directly on a wall. This mural was painted on a dining hall in a monastery in Milan, Italy (â€Å"Louvre†).He drew upon his skills as an inventor and decided to paint it on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster. This meaner that the painting is not a true fresco. A fresco requires the artist to work on the painting continuously until it is done. He instead used geese to seal the wall to give him more time to work on the project and not have to do so continuously. He preserved the painting with tempera, but his method did not work well. The painting began deteriorating soon after it was completed (â€Å"Louvre†).The painting, which took Leonardo three years to com plete, represents the scene of Jesus' last supper with his apostles as described in the Bible. At the supper, he told his apostles that one of them would betray him. The faces of the individuals in the painting exhibit their realistic emotions in response to this announcement. Each of the apostles react differently. Some were surprised and some look upset. The first group on the left consists of Bartholomew, James and Andrew. They are all surprised. The next group includes Judas, Simon, and John.In one hand Judas is holding the bag f silver that he received for betraying Jesus and in his other hand, he is reaching for a piece of bread which represents Chrism's body in the Bible. In the Bible Jesus said that the first man to share bread with him would betray him. Simon is holding a knife which foreshadows the incident when he chopped of a man's ear defending Jesus. John the one that looks like a women, appears to be fainting. The third group is made up of Thomas, James, and Phillip w ho all appear shocked.The fourth group consists of Matthew, Jude, and Simon who seem to be discussing the matter. The Last Supper uses perspective for a three-dimensional effect. Leonardo used one point perspective. This perspective involves all parallel lines converging in one place called the vanishing point. This method makes the picture proportional and places emphasis on the object at the vanishing point(Rival 2). Jesus' face is at the center of the vanishing point representing his importance. Additionally, the painting uses balance, grouping the apostles in four equal groups of three with Jesus in the middle.There were also three windows. Three represents the holy trinity (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vine's Life†). Leonardo representation of The Last Supper differed from earlier portrayals of the meal in a number of ways. Earlier depictions did not include Judas in the group. He was always off to the side. In Leonardo version, he is including in the group, but placed in a shadow. Earlier paintings also put halos around the apostles heads, but Leonardo chose to make it more realistic and left the halos off.Finally, the perspective of Leonardo version improved on the odd looking perspectives used in earlier paintings such as the painting by Disco in which it looks as if the table is on its side. Leonardo The Last Supper is a good example of a Renaissance piece of art because it shows many Renaissance values like portrayal of religious subjects and the use of a realistic style and perspective. The painting is three-dimensional and the figures show realistic emotions. All the subtle secrets you can see in the painting are very fascinating. The Renaissance has been one of the most interesting and smartest times in mankind.

Action since Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action since - Essay Example His involvement reflected his keen interest in the company and with his work. He also wanted a safe working environment for his co-workers which show his interest in safeguarding the security rights for his employee workers. Soon, he realized that the safety plan occurs only on papers as he never saw the plan being implemented in a thorough manner. This made Gordon realized that he is just a low level employee. It has been evidently clear that the company is a growth-oriented company which has proven its image as a productive and as a most profitable one. For the company, other issues were not as important as they should be until they start hindering the profits or the provoked legal consequences. There was no authentic and working employee security memo which showed the lack of interest from company’s behalf for its employees. Gil, the VP of engineering has also played a key role in this case study. He can be referred as a dictatorial manager. He is very committed towards fulfilling his goals. Gil was known for his compassion, dedication and utmost involvement with his work. He is also known for reducing the 40 percent of the employees from the company’s new plant established in Arizona. He knows no emotions and feelings while working; in fact, he prefers the work in first place. The key differences in the personalities of Gil and Gordon and the organizational setup of the c ompany were the root-cause of the problem that emerged on the surface. The difference of organizational culture that Gordon felt between his new company and the Pacific Bell. The company did not provide any assistance to the employees for their personal development. Gordon also had differences with the key senior management personnel such as Gil. The dictatorial management style of Gil. His behavior and management style was one of the problems that stirred tension in the company and de-motivated his employees. To deal with the

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Rationalism and empiricism - Essay Example On the contrary, justification involves development of knowledge through acquaintance. Epistemology compartmentalize synthesis and evolution of knowledge into five groups namely; empiricism, rationalism, idealism, constructivism and historical (Lawhead 23). Conventionally, there is a substantial conflict between empiricism and rationalism. In this essay, succeeding sections will discuss in detail about fundamental concepts of both empiricism and rationalism. Prior to dissecting the two knowledge generation models of empiricism and rationalism, it is appropriate to acknowledge the two concepts of priori and posteriori knowledge. Basically, the Latin term ‘priori’ means before while ‘posteriori’ means after. Therefore, priori knowledge refers to any type of knowledge synthesized without relation to observations or experience. Knowledge derived from logical inferences, for example 2 + 2 = 4, is priori in form. This means that any subsequent observation or experience cannot alter the outcome of knowledge. On the contrary, posteriori knowledge is synthesized only after consideration to relevant observations or experiences. Nowadays, posteriori knowledge is popularly referred to as empirical knowledge (Lawhead 42). Proponents of posteriori knowledge assert that no knowledge can be developed prior to consideration of underlying observation or experience. Therefore, priori knowledge is arrived at through reasoning, whi le posteriori knowledge is synthesized from facts generated from empirical activities. At this juncture, it becomes evident that rationalism conforms to principles of priori knowledge. On the contrary, empiricism has close synchronization with the principles of posteriori knowledge. Technically, rationalism involves development of knowledge through innate intelligence and deductive reasoning. Pythagoras, who features as the father of rationalism, asserts that every man has an inherent ability to reason.

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Business paln for Arts cafe - Essay Example The plan purposes to help learners develop their skills in art and provide a relaxing environment for workers especially those in the financial institutions who often experience stress from the long hours of work and less time for recreation and entertainment. The Art Cafà © offers an opportunity for artists to sharpen their skills and a common discussion area for individuals having common interest in art to share ideas and explore the art industry. It will also serve snacks, coffee and tea beverages as refreshments to the visitors; this is based on a study confirming coffee and tea to be the highly consumed beverages. Employees at the cafà © will be middle-aged individuals with experience in art and coffee. The plan focuses its strengths on customers who love art and provision of quality coffee and tea as a means of overcoming the competition in the market. The business plan aims to promote the love for art by establishing an arts cafà © where individuals with interesting art can meet and share ideas. Thank

Gastrointestinal Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gastrointestinal Disorders - Essay Example Functional gastrointestinal diseases are associated with a plethora of symptoms which present biochemical and structural abnormality which is unidentifiable (Chang, Locke, McNally, Halder, Schleck, Zinsmeister, & Talley, 2010). Ageing itself is associated with numerous functional changes in the gastrointestinal tracts; such changes involve motility, intraluminal digestion, secretion and absorbtion (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Oropharyngeal muscle dismotility has a high preveilance among the elderly patients. Another functional disorder that is present in elderly patients is gastroesophagal reflux, which occurs as a result of reduced esophagal peristalsis and pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (Park, 2011). Gastric emptying and motility has been found to be normal with ageing, however, some studies have shown that in some instances it may slow down. Structural neurological and endocrine changes lead to disturbed functioning in parts of the G.I tract. These include the propulsive motility of the colon, which is decreased due to these changes. A decrease in gastric secretions also causes gastric ulcers as the structure of the mucous bicarbonate barrier is also impaired (Park, 2011). Other functions that also decrease with age include pancreatic secretion and the level of bile salts. The above mentioned structural and functional changes along with other factors are part of the mechanisms that result in gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroesophagal reflux disease, dysphagia, primary dyspepsia, primary constipation, bowel syndrome, and a reduced level of nutrient absorption (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Evaluation of elderly patients is a complex process and may require more than one session (The Merck Manual, n.d.). The patients often become fatigued and the examination will have to be conducted at a later stage. The evaluation of elderly patients has also been assoc iated with underreporting and typical manifestations for certain disorders maybe absent (The Merck Manual, n.d.). Elderly patients often have several different problems with their health hence it is difficult to analyze the system that is affected and whether or not the pathology is a result of malfunctioning of other organs. Concomitant disorders can affect the results obtained from the diagnostic test and may show pathological signs from another system, which can be mistaken for another disease (Shamburek & Farrar, 1990). Therapeutic response by elderly patients is usually very slow as organism is undergoing physiological degradation. Drugs which are administered to elderly patients should present minimal adverse effects to other organs such as the liver as the damage from these drugs may be more severe (The Merck Manual,

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the Essay

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the paramount one for the United States today - Essay Example We have removed the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat and We have removed Saddam Hussein in Iraq, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat† (Showdown with Iran). According to reports the Iran has on many occasion tried to reach out to U.S to find a solution to the exiting problems of military power, terrorism and U.S interference in Middle East. The prominent one was the fax received in Washington after the U.S victory over Iraq in 2003, the fax described various way to make a peace treaty between U.S and Iran, but the fax was neglected and no initiative was taken from the U.S government. The recent developments in Iran with regard to its work in the area of nuclear weapons, firstly the Iran’s new arrangements near to the city of qom in Iran to accomplish its need for higher amounts of uranium has the raised concerns around the globe. Secondly Iran’s plan to build nuclear weapon supported with missile has put the Obama administration in great dilemma. The Iran has not responded well to the steps taken by USA to hold talks regarding these matters. USA has then come forward and said that irresponsible actions of Iran in relation to nuclear weapon development is leading International community to charge a hike in costs to the Iran. â€Å"The Obama administration is now involved in a diplomatic campaign to further isolate Iran and apply pressure to encourage a change in the Iranian government’s behavior. The united states is urging a board of international approach on economic sanctions said the secretary of the state† (Kaufman). As per report s of International Atomic Energy agency (IAEA) in march 2010 Iranian government has denied to provide any information in regard to its work on nuclear development and at the same time has not obeyed the U.N security council’s statement on Iran to stop work on Uranium and heavy water related projects that will enhance the production of

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Not sure - Essay Example claim that man maintains innate inclinations towards morality, which does not let him to go astray quite unbridled without being responsible to some Supreme Being, who has created His voice in every heart in the form of conscience in order to keep the seduction and temptation of the evil away from him. Human nature, according to this distinguished sage, and its impulses as well, if cultivated, turn into moral virtues. Our natures are, he argues, what heaven has given us (6A.15). Since heaven has created human nature in its own image, it has natural tendencies of inclining towards goodness ultimately. Thus, human nature even remaining indulged into the vice of various kinds, eventually inclines to the traits and characteristics attributed to it by birth. Human nature, Mencius further asserts, is what links us with the non-human universe, the normative order of heaven. Consequently, human soul has been created with the gifted moral values Nature looks for in human actions in one way or the other. Indeed, the quality of this relationship is such that Mencius is able to claim that â€Å"If one knows one’s nature, one will know heaven† (Makeham 2001). The same has also been preached by Mencius’ predecessor Confucius, and the very notion has always been endorsed and projected by the future philosophers and thinkers in their respective philosophical works. Illustrious moralist and sage of ancient Chinese civilization Confucius had preached virtue and compassion towards humanity without discrimination through his preaching. He submits that where there exists the razor of iniquity, inequality, evil and social injustice in a society, there is least probability of the blossoming of the plant of goodness, charity, honesty and wisdom, and vice versa (Yu 2012). The same was the notion promoted by the distinguished ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who had declared having knowledge of the universal phenomena as a great virtue that protects humans from going astray and

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay George Milton -â€Å"I been mean, ain’t I?†   George is a good friend to Lennie. He protects him and does what is necessary to keep him out of trouble. -â€Å"If I was alone I could live so easy†   Lennie is a burden to George -â€Å"I want you to stay with me, Lennie† –George   conveys Georges loneliness Lennie Small -â€Å"paws†   animalistic quality; bear -â€Å"all you can ever remember is them rabbits† –George. Lennie represents idealism and optimism in the American dream. â€Å"rabbits† symbol of freedom and peace of mind. -â€Å"he’s jus’ like a kid† –Slim   describes him perfectly -â€Å"why do you got to get killed?† –Lennie no understanding of actions or consequences. â€Å"its mean here† –Lennie too innocent to cope with harsh environment -hallucination of Aunt Clare: main moral figure in his life. Tells him between right and wrong and about consequence. Crooks/Racism -â€Å"crooks†   nickname due to injury. Name given to him by other ranchers dominance, possession (slavery) -â€Å"California Civil Code for 1905† had aspirations once of being successful. Educated individual. ( had â€Å"books†) 1905 tho! 25 years out of dates   shows futility of his situation. -â€Å"crooks was a proud, aloof man† Steinbeck does not aim to victimize/generalize Crooks. He’s 3 dimensional; knows his worth. BUT has no power to change his fate. -location of Crooks in ranch (barn) symbolizes his distance the other men. Explicitly: segregation, metaphorically: emotional distance/loneliness -â€Å"they’ll tie ya up with a collar, like a dog†-Crooks. When Crooks finally finds someone weaker than him, he feels he must destroy them. Relates to his own oppression. Suffering leads to cruelty. -â€Å"difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger† shows his desperation for contact. He has become hardened by h is pain but lets his guard down at times. -â€Å"drew into himself†   crooks forces to accept his oppression. Powerless in his fate. Curley’s Wife/Women -â€Å"that glove’s fulla Vaseline† –Candy ( Curley’s mark of dominance over his wife; she’s an object to him, a trophy. AND clear warning to other men) -â€Å"Curley’s wife† no name. dehumanization. -â€Å"fingernails were red†   symbol of danger, sexuality, blood, passion. Stoplight! She will be cause of danger later in novel. -â€Å"rolled clusters, like sausages† childlike, naà ¯ve little girl. Contrasts with red. -â€Å"heavily made up†   suggest she’s hiding the true here. Underneath surface there is hidden personality: loneliness, desperate, need, kindness. Puts on front of sexuality and flirtatiousness. ALSO conveys men on the ranch only care about sex from women. -â€Å"what a tramp† –George ïÆ'   hypocritical view towards women. Has sex with prostitutes but calls her a tart da fuq +!! Objectification. Ironic cuz what she really wants is human contact not sex. The men don’t even consider that she could have more complexity other than wanted a man physically. -ranch is a patriarchal environment. -â€Å"I get lonely† –Curley’s wife (mask taken off, complexity revealed) Candy -Him and his disability aid in themes of minority, oppression, and loneliness. -â€Å"the swamper warmed to his gossip† ïÆ'   he needs a distraction from his own, unsatisfying life. Friendship â€Å"stayed behind the other†   symbolizes how they always protect each other â€Å"we got somebody to talk to† importance of friendship, especially at times of hardship. Human contact takes away loneliness Loneliness/Isolation â€Å"a guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody† –Crooks â€Å"suppose you ain’t got nobody† –Crooks almost ironic; Crooks doesn’t realize that everyone is alone in this environment. His pain consumes and blinds him, he isn’t the only one who’s feeling it. The American Dream -â€Å"you give me a good whore house every time† although they want to achieve their dream, they waste their money on prostitutes and booze. Cycle of pain and desperation, a temporary void of loneliness and boredom that has to be filled. -â€Å"every damn on of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head† –Crooks Crook’s knows reality of American Dream. Faced this for long long time due to racism. -â€Å"they left all the weak ones here† –Curley’s wife   themes of novella come full circle. Oppression of minorities.

The garden is an artistic recreation of nature Essay Example for Free

The garden is an artistic recreation of nature Essay There is a saying which goes, the garden is an artistic recreation of nature; a landscape painting in three dimensions. Gardens are considered as a serious art form that aims to create a balance, harmony, proportion and variety. It is distinctive by its symmetrical and controlled characteristics with the landscape beyond it considered as hazardous and hostile. As the 18th century, however, emerged, this view was changed as gardening turned towards its more â€Å"natural† style of planting. â€Å"Natural† gardens were first expressed by writers before it was attempted by garden designers. In Kirk Johnson’s article entitled English Landscape Gardens he said that this is not surprising since literature was more important in English culture than the visual arts. The essay of Sir William Temple entitled Upon the Gardens of Epicurus, which was written in 1685 and first published in 1692, praised what the author imagined as the Chinese Manner of garden style. This essay did not really caused the Europeans to imitate Chinese gardens but it helped them to open their minds to the possibility of creating gardens that differs from the formal tradition (Johnson, 1999). The Chinese imperial garden is basically built in two kinds of styles: first is a large park that is usually with a lake and islands; and the second, a small park which is more intimate because buildings are placed much closer with each other. These gardens are made to traditionally intend to depict the natural landscape of mountains and rivers. Viewed from within the garden, the Chinese design gardens as settings for everyday life. In these gardens, plants are treated in a naturalistic way and often included a water feature. One of the famous traditional Chinese imperial gardens is the Qianlong Garden situated at the Palace of Peace and Longevity in the Eastern section of the Former Imperial Palace which was constructed in the late 18th century in China during the reign of Emperor Qianlong What made this garden unique from other Chinese garden is that despite its limited space all the man-made sceneries built, played a role in beautifying the garden thus creating a harmonious whole. This garden features the famous Chinese rock formations which is the main feature that the Chinese was known for. This naturalistic view was the way that the Chinese depict their garden. Buildings where placed in this garden but due to the fact that there was a limited space of the building, the Chinese landscape designers worked on it in a more compact manner as it would not obliterate the naturalistic view of the landscape. The Kinning Lake which is almost three-fourths of the entire landscape forms part of the entire area of the Qianlong garden. This serpentine lake was transformed and beautified to depict the natural view and natural landscape that the Chinese landscape architects are known for. The English got their ideas of Chinese gardens essentially from the patterns on imported porcelain, lacquer work and silk where they got glimpses of gardens laid out without order or disposition. With these porcelains and other products, the inspiration and ideas was then set leading the new landscape architects to form works similar to the Chinese. The new style of gardening within the English landscape, pioneered by designers like William Kent, Lancelot (Capability) Brown and Humphrey Repton, swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles. Looking at the masterpieces of these famous landscape designers, it is undeniable that the Chinese influence in gardening made its way to England during this period. One of the famous eighteenth century landscape garden created by Lancelot Brown is the Stowe Landscape Garden, where he had been the head gardener for ten years. This garden evolved from the traditional Baroque style to that which features the famous serpentine style of Brown. Similar to the Qianlong Garden of China where rocks are piled into hills and winding paths form a maze, Brown recreated a â€Å"Grecian Valley† that is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. This was an unusual composition as compared to the traditional English style that is based on symmetry and proportion. When Brown incorporated the maze form or winding paths, the traditional English style of gardens was revolutionized. The use of buildings in landscapes was the most seen influence by the Chinese. Since the English got their ideas merely on pictures rather than actual observations of Chinese gardens and the lack of detailed information, these garden buildings were quite misunderstood in Europe and tended to be over powering. The Chinese merely used garden buildings within relatively confined areas combining practicality with aesthetics. As buildings were added in the garden setting, some of the pleasing features of the Chinese architecture such as the parsols, pavilions, and bridges were adopted and mixed with the native English work. The Chinese parasols were also in fashion, these are small temples found mixed within the gardens. Later on, there were bridges that were constructed, since most Chinese influence includes small rivers, as they would depict a natural look, bridges were constructed as part of the general garden design. The Stowe Garden with its winding lake similar to the Qianlong Garden also has a bridge nestled in it as against the more traditional symmetry and with only fountains to incorporate water. Another Chinese influence to English garden is the use of Chinese ornamental details. These parsols or mini temples are incorporated on the serpentine lake which particularly depicts the Chinese influence. The more traditional style was then only benches and chairs, which is more likely symmetrical as against the naturalistic way because these mini temples serves as a place of relaxation since they are found near the lake. These are some of the things that the Chinese influenced the English gardens; however, they still do not fully depict the Chinese style but merely form part of the grand design. These ornamental details served to remind Europeans of the eighteenth century of the wondrous land of the East that during that time it was almost impossible to find any one of the larger European gardens that had not at least one Chinese pavilion. Chinese influence may be visible, but the main inspiration of these gardens came from old European paintings (Johnson, 1999). Be that as it may, there are still things that are incorporated in the English design that mainly depict the Chinese influence as part of the general inspiration. WORKS CITED: Gothien, Marie Louise. The English Landscape Garden: Chinese influence on English gardens. History of Garden Art. 1928. Johnson, Kirk. English Landscape Gardens. 9 July 1999. Retrieved from http://www. suite101. com/article. cfm/garden_design/21925/3 Shouyi, Chen. The Chinese Garden in Eighteenth Century England. Tien Hsia Monthly 2 (1936): 321-339. China: Love and Loathing Acquisition of Stuff; Devaluation of Culture. Influence of the Chinese

Canada and the United States Ownership of the Arctic Region

Canada and the United States Ownership of the Arctic Region The Arctic region has been a neglected area for many years. However with the recent discovery of natural and mineral resources in the Arctic, countries such as the United States, Russia and other European countries have been presenting their keen interest in the cold territory. In the article Arctic Meltdown, written by Scott Borgerson, the author discusses the economic and the security consequences caused by the Global Warming.Global warming has contributed to the melting of the icecaps this led to the finding of forty-four billion barrels of natural gas liquids in the frozen area of the Arctic Circle. The discovery has escalated the fight between Russia, United States, Canada and other European countries over which state legally possess these resources creating the most crucial territorial dispute of the century.The article Arctic Meltdown, talks about the political issues caused in the Arctic creating hindrance to the negotiation made between countries claiming its possession of t he resources. Although the melting of the icecaps presents promising energy markets and the revolution of global shipping, serious problems such as the possibility of war over the territory in the Arctic region are currently being overlooked by the U.S. State Department and by the U.S. National Security Council. Since there are no legal structures available in responding to the great levels of ice-melting and to an organized development of the Arctic region, the territory is as a result in danger of being exploited by several money and power hungry countries.This proves that if a powerful country such as the United States does not step up and address the challenges faces in the Arctic, the issues evident will continue to worsen creating a possibility of a battle between nations in desire to control the abundant amount of resources available. This essay will employ the conceptual models of global politics such as realism and complex interdependence in understanding different dimensio ns evident to the current situation in the Arctic. Hence will examine on how the Canadian and U.S. governments should approach the issue. Overview of the situation in the Arctic region The melting of the icecap has sparked pre-existing issues relating to the land claims made by Russia, U.S and other countries in Europe, challenging Canadas Arctic sovereignty because of the increase interest of outside states of the resource available in the region. Ice caps in the Arctic are melting as a result more natural resources and minerals are being found. This has allowed a creation of shorter shipping routes that could potentially save billions of dollars each year for shipping companies.According to an estimate conducted by the U.S. geological survey and Statoil-Hydro of Norway, the Arctic carries about one quarter of the worlds remaining and undiscovered oil and gas sediments.Countries battle over the territory for the reason that it can economically prosper a country as a result increasing the states political influence and authority. This desire to attain power is embedded in every state, which is why tension is ignited amongst countries longing to achieve rights of th e Arctic. U.S and Canada relations in the Arctic Canada and the United States relationship have shown some frustration in pursuing its own interest in the Arctic. Both states display enthusiasm on the extraction of the resources and expansion of a strategic military region in the Arctic.Such keenness has raised a major number of issues such as the control over marine transportation in the Northwest Passage and the domineering of pollution problems. The predicament roots back in 1969 and 1970, when the use of the voyages S.S Manhattan, a U.S. tanker and C.G.S. Polar Sea, a U.S. icebreaker motivated the issue of Canadas sovereign control over its Arctic region that stimulated a debate nationally.The dispute over Canadian sovereignty of the Arctic waters led to the enactment of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act that allows Canada to regulate over pollution inside a 100 mile zone. In 1970, the unhappy United States responds back stating that accepting the act would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United Stat es activities worldwide.However in 1988, Canada and the United States signed an agreement on Arctic Co-operation, that allowed the U.S. icebreakers to voyage through the Arctic with some limitations and consent obtained from the Canadian government. The claim of territory in the Arctic by several countries has challenged Canadas sovereignty over the Arctic. In attempt to overcome the challenges, Canada dedicated fifty-one million dollars to help classify and map the border of its continental shelf in the Arctic to coincide upon the jurisdictions laid out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea also known as UNCLOS.The UNCLOS is an administration of law and command that regulates the worlds oceans and seas by setting up rules governing uses of all oceans and its resources.Canada ratified the UNCLOS in 2003; the United States on the other hand has not approved the UNCLOS even though the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations voted in 2004 advocating the ratification. To tackle the current crisis in the Arctic territory, it is essential for United States to come up with an agreement with Canada to help prevent the escalation of conflicts regarding the sea-water lines and its resources.Borgenson states in the article the Arctic Meltdown, that the decisions made by the Arctic powers in the coming years will therefore profoundly shape the future of the region for decades. He believes that without the U.S. participating in the decision making to find solutions for the claims made by the Arctic powers. Borgenson indicates that without the U.Ss leadership in this matter, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources. Realist theory approaches to the conflict Political realists in international politics strive to obtain power through the use of violence.They believe that throughout history nations have either vigorously prepared for violence or either convalescing from it due to war.The conceptual theory realism relies heavily on three assumptions; 1) states are leading actors and act as rational divisions; 2) the use of force is effective to obtain power as proven throughout the past [historic wars]; 3) and suppose that hierarchy in politics high politics dictates over low politics of economic and public dealings.In addition, realists assume that the international system is in a continuous state of anarchy; which is why protecting nations own interest is greatly valued because of the mistrust of agreement between other states or actors. Most importantly, the main objective of realism is to obtain power mostly through the use of military and economic means. To analyse the situation in the Arctic, it is essential to connect some of the cha racteristic of realism with the issue. In some parts, characteristics of realism can be closely related to the relationship of United States and Canada with the issue revolving around the Arctic. Canada claims sovereignty over the Arctic because of geographical and historical reasons to it. The United States searches to find a reason of somehow that the country has rights over the Arctic and its resources. Both states display their own interests in the region suggests characteristics of realism. Complex Interdependence approaches to the conflict Complex interdependence is a theory used in international politics that emphasis on the idea of economic independence. The theory includes three central characteristics. Firstly, the employment of multiple channels is strongly significant for the fact that it joins societies in transnational, interstate and trans-governmental affairs. Secondly, in complex interdependence theory, hierarchy is absent in which military security is least considered therefore does not dictate the agenda.The absence of hierarchy allows for the concentration of other issues pertaining to domestic policy. Lastly, the use of military force is not present between government to government conflicts.Military force in complex interdependence can be extraneous on working out on disputes on economic matters amid affiliates of an alliance, however may be essential for that alliances political and military relations with a rival bloc. Theories of complex interdependence can be closely related with the issue currently residing in the Arctic region. For instance, countries interested in the Arctic only display interest to a country or region if the state benefits from it. In this case, United States demonstrates their interest in the Arctic region because of the mass amount of natural resources the region carries. By protecting their interests, United States as well as Russia and other arctic states are taking measures such as arming icebreakers to secure their claims. Canada as a result retaliates by setting up security satellites surveillance system to look for ships intruding in its waters. Another reason why complex interdependence theory can be closely applied with this situation is because of approaches Canada and the United States are taking to help reach a decision. The U.S.-Canada Arctic Policy was an attempt to join interests in the two countries over the Arctic.Although no negotiations were made among the two states, both states made an effort to approach the issue without threatening to use military force. Unlike realism, complex interdependence theory places an importance on the roles of International Organizations in state to state conflicts. The situation over the control of the Arctic region closely relates to the model, complex interdependence. Complex interdependence is a model of theory known to be the most realistic by political scientists. A futuristic legal option that United States may consider is ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea along with other negotiations protecting interests of both countries. The unification of both countries on the issue may help tackle other problems presented by other countries claiming the resources and territories in the Arctic region. In conclusion, to overcome the battle between states over the Arctic territory, Canada and the United States will have to set aside their differences and reach to a decision combining interests from both of the states to prevent further conflicts. One way of achieving solution to this issue is by taking realistic legal measures such as codifying an agreement, law or settlement. This can only be successfully established if Canada and the United States join their self-interests of the Arctic by applying theories placed in the conceptual model, complex interdependence, to help maximize opportunities made available in the region.

The Effect Of The Russian Orthodox Religion On The Cult Essays -- essa

The Effect of the Russian Orthodox Religion on the Cult Orthodox Christianity has had an immense effect on the culture of Russia. The adoption of the Orthodox faith from Constantinople by Prince Vladimir in 988 introduced cultural influences that profoundly affected the Russian consciousness. As the people embraced Orthodoxy it developed a uniquely Russian flavor and rooted deep in the fertile Russian soul. Orthodoxy had a major impact on politics, art, and nearly every other aspect of Russia's culture. Orthodoxy helped forge Russia's world view and defined her place in the world. The church affected the thought patterns and motivations of a whole culture and changed the way Russians thought about themselves and the ways that they lived their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The church acted as a unifying factor for the Russian nation. Church holidays and fasts enriched and brought meaning to the cycle of seasons and sowing in the subsistence society. Russians possessed a deep religious faith and from it they derived a sense of purpose in the universe and the promise of salvation. The church nourished and preserved the culture of Russia during centuries of internal strife and foreign intervention. Orthodox people feel a strong sense of community and brotherhood towards one another through a shared bond of faith. As a result of this emphasis on community, the rights of the group tend to take precedence over the rights of the individual in Russian culture. The Orthodox and Catholic faiths had an adversarial relationship for years. As this rift deepened and grew increasingly antagonistic, the rift between the East and the West also grew. The difference in religion between Russia and Europe can largely explain the vast differences that developed in their cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tsar of All Russia derived his power and right to rule from his status as God's chosen representative on earth. As it is God alone who bestowed power on the tsar, it was in the best interest of the monarchy to protect and promote the church. This conception of the tsar possessing a divine right to rule contributed to the political passivity of the Russian people. In the Byzantium tradition the concept of symphonia defined the relationship between the church and the state and acted as a balance on the unlimited power of the tsar. As the head of the church and the... .... Those who refused to change their rhythms of worship were called Old Believers and they were executed and silenced by the authorities. The Old Believers insisted on following the old forms because they feared committing heresy. The way they saw the situation was that Rome had fallen because of heresy. Moscow was the last seat of Orthodoxy and if Russia fell from the grace of God, it would mean the end of the world. The basic issue in the schism was the relationship between the Russian and Orthodox churches. Some felt that since Russia had adopted Orthodoxy from Byzantium she should remain a ‘junior partner'. Others felt that it was Russia's destiny to be a leader and to free her Eastern brethren.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Orthodox relegion has been essential to the people to bring them a sense of hope and destiny and a glimpse of heaven on earth. The choice of Orthodoxy was as influential as the Mongul Yoke on the formation of the Russian character. Orthodoxy brought the people a lot of joy, created a sense of community, intensified the countries isolation, created beautiful art, started wars, complicated politics, and best of all, reminded the people to love each other.

Essay --

Cifunsa Cifunsa pertenece al Grupo Industrial Saltillo uno de los grupos industriales mà ¡s grandes de Mà ©xico, fundado en 1928. Y como su pagina web lo dice, CIFUNSA es una de las fundiciones de hierro independientes mà ¡s grandes del mundo. Ofrecen alta calidad en la fabricacià ³n de productos con precios competitivos y servicio de clase mundial. Propà ³sito: "Contribuir al à ©xito de nuestros clientes proporcionando los mejores productos y soluciones de ingenierà ­a." Misià ³n: Fabricar piezas de hierro maquinadas y/o ensambladas para la industria en el mercado global, creando valor para nuestros accionistas, clientes, personal y comunidad donde participamos, en un ambiente de seguridad, trabajo en equipo, à ©tica, disciplina y mejora continua. Visià ³n: Ser reconocida como una empresa de clase mundial rentable y competitiva que ofrece productos de fundicià ³n de hierro maquinados. Con la persona que fui no me supo decir cuantas personas trabajan ahà ­, ni el estimado de ganancia anualmente, pero el Grupo Industrial Saltillo da empleo aproximadamente a mà ¡s de 9,000 personas y tiene ingresos anuales de mà ¡s de $860 millones de dà ³lares. Tienen varias plantas, las plantas 2, 3 y 4 està ¡n ubicadas en Saltillo Coahuila. La planta 5 està ¡ ubicada en Irapuato. En el centro del paà ­s desde donde facilita las entregas a las plantas automotrices de la regià ³n del Bajà ­o en Irapuato, Silao, Querà ©taro, Aguascalientes, Toluca y Guadalajara. Esto da a CIFUNSA una gran ventaja para la exportacià ³n de sus productos hacia los mercados automotrices en la regià ³n NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y Europa, manteniendo un portafolio de negocios balanceado exportando directa o indirectamente 85% de su produccià ³n. Polà ­tica ambiental: â€Å"En Cif... ... a 2011. Administracià ³n por procesos: Se sigue implementando la administracioÃŒ n de procesos a nivel taÃŒ ctico y operativo en todos los Negocios. Para ello, se trabaja en la consolidacioÃŒ n de los planes de venta y operacioÃŒ n, desarrollo de nuevos productos, innovacioÃŒ n y mantenimiento, entre otras acciones. Gestià ³n de riesgos: Para elaborar planes de mitigacioÃŒ n o eliminacioÃŒ n de riesgos, se debe contar con informacioÃŒ n que permita identificar las eventualidades que ponen en riesgo las operaciones y proyectos estrateÃŒ gicos. En 2012, los Negocios del Grupo alcanzaron el nivel 3 de competitividad, en una escala de 5. Este indicador denota que el balance entre las fortalezas y debilidades operativas permite lograr los objetivos comprometidos. Grupo GIS presenta una innovacià ³n tecnolà ³gica inigualable, la cual los hace ser là ­der del sector en las à ¡reas que se especializa.

History of West Point Essay

In 1778 George Washington, for whom West Point was always a crucial strategic position in the United States, appointed Kosciuszko as a chief designer of its first fundamental fortifications to which he moved his headquarters the following year. In 1802, President Jefferson officially opened the United States Military Academy at West Point. Under the superintendence of Colonel Thayer (1817-1833) who was also called the â€Å"father of the Military Academy†, higher academic standards were set and a great emphasis was put on military discipline and code of conduct. Civil engineering became the fundamental subject on the curriculum at West Point and for many years its graduates were the nation’s major constructors of the first bridges, roads, railway lines, etc in the USA (A Brief History of the Academy). During the American Civil War, both warring sides, the South and the North, were headed mainly by West Pointers, such as Grant, Sherman, Jackson, Lee, Sheridan, and others. West Point graduates also distinguished themselves in Europe during World War I. After the war, the academic curriculum at West Point was gradually diversified and enormous efforts were made to improve various physical fitness programs (A Brief History of the Academy). Among the most prominent West Pointers that distinguished themselves in World War II were military leaders such as Eisenhower, Bradley, MacArthur, Wainwright, Patton, Clark, Stilwell, and others. In the postwar period, the curriculum at West Point was broadened again and included science and technology. In 1964, the Corps of Cadets was increased from 2,529 to 4,417 resulting in the appearance of new facilities. The enrollment of women at West Point began in 1976 and each class now has approximately fifteen percent of female cadets. At present, the West Point Military Academy comprises over 4,000 cadets and every year it graduates over 900 officers (A Brief History of the Academy). â€Å"Page # 2† Code of conduct at West Point At West Point every cadet adheres to an ethical code of conduct called the Cadet Honor Code whose golden rule states: â€Å"A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do†. The Honor Code is a vital and important tradition that was initially formalized in 1922 by Superintendent MacArthur who also established the Cadet Honor Committee. The last part of the golden rule, however, was not included in its original version. In 1970, the code of conduct was revised resulting in the introduction of the â€Å"non-toleration† clause (Jones). The Cadet Honor Code in its present form has no boundaries and sets high standards of ethical behavior not only when cadets are at West Point, but also when they are at home or with friends. Living by the code means that cadets must strive for moral and ethical perfection and must never lie, cheat, steal, nor can they tolerate lying, cheating, or stealing by others. Cadets must be truthful, fair, and respect the rights and property of other people, and also assume responsibility for their actions. These principles constitute the Spirit of the Code whose goal is the development of leaders of characters. These high standards distinguish the Military Academy at West Point as well as its graduates from any other institution and students. For Cadets, they are fundamental principles of life, not just prohibitions (Jones). At the Academy, there is a democratic system of responding to any violation of the Cadet Honor Code. West Pointers are responsible for running the Honor System, convening Honor Investigations and Hearings of particular cases. The Cadet Honor Board consisting of six members gathers and evaluates the evidence to decide whether a Cadet is guilty of violation of the Honor Code. In case a cadet is found guilty of violation of any aspect of the code, Board members inform the Superintendent of his status who then decides what will happen to that cadet. In most cases, â€Å"dismissal† is the standard verdict but the cadet may also be given another chance to live honorably in the future (Jones). â€Å"Page # 3† Cadet life and religion at West Point A cadet’s life at West Point is very busy. A cadet’s daily schedule includes classes, study, physical education, athletics, military duties, and over hundred extracurricular activities coordinated by the Cadet Activities Office. Many instructors and officers reside at West Point and provide additional help and instruction to the cadets who need it, and also guide many extracurricular activities in which cadets are involved in their free time. These activities include language, aeronautics, astronautics, computer, engineering, athletic, and many other clubs (The West Point Experience). Sports play a very important role in the life of West Pointers developing self-confidence, competitiveness, and self-discipline in cadets. The Academy’s intercollegiate program includes twenty-four sports. In addition, cadets also publish publications such as â€Å"Howitzer†, â€Å"The Pointer†, or â€Å"Bugle Notes†; run the WKDT radio station; and write, produce, and perform plays and music. Extracurricular activities at West Point are viewed as an important aspect of a college community life (The West Point Experience). Religion is another important aspect of community life at West Point. The religious ministry comprising all major faith groups is provided not only for the Corps of Cadets, but also for the West Point staff. While performing the ministry, chaplains in religious communities are often assisted by councils consisting of cadets (Nonstandard Activities of the United States Military Academy). West Point cadets have the opportunity to attend chapel services and practice various religious observances. Cadets can join and regularly participate in chapel choirs, ceremonial rites, discussion groups, Sunday religious school classes run by various religious affiliations whose mission is to contribute to the spiritual and moral development of the West Point community (The West Point Experience). REFERENCES: 1. A Brief History of the Academy. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. usma. edu/history. asp 2. Jones, D. United States Military Academy’s Honor Code and System. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. usma. edu/Cpme/HS_Outreach/HS_Outreach. htm

Theories of Crime

Describe how you think Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States should be conducted. Intelligence-led policing is the latest means by which police authorities solve crimes instead of acting only after a crime has been consummated (â€Å"Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States†). This shift from the old practice needs more development in order to cope up with the changing technological advancement around the world. Besides, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, made this revolution essential.I know that such huge attack in the United States became successful because of negligence and underestimating the capabilities of criminals in using technology to evade the law. For me, there are three ways wherein intelligence-led policing should be conducted in the United States. First, there should be constant look-out of people coming in the country and going out of the same. The possibility of criminals coming in the country not detected by the police is high due to their networks and resources.Second, there should be a more effective system wherein all intelligence units across the country could interact directly through the development of technology to that effect. And third, all suspicious and non-suspicious but possible perpetrators must be constantly monitored for possible crime or terrorism activities, and such action must be done in accordance with law. Specifically, how would you recommend setting up the intelligence community in the United States?Globalization, fast-tracked by development in technology and transportation, has transformed the world smaller for criminals and bigger for state and local law enforcement (â€Å"Intelligence-Led Policing)†. In that sense, setting up the domestic intelligence or the FBI must be magnified to the effect that it is no longer limited to domestic perpetrators but to all their possible accomplices and accessories within the country.The CIA, which is the foreign intelligence must focus on sma ll groups of individual who are capable of consummating criminal acts and study their possible allies and supporters. The role of the militaries is vital in having access to these groups of criminals as they are capable to use bigger force to solve crimes. It would be better if a unified action be made in every intelligence reports received by all authorities in order to prevent commission of crimes against national security and individual well-being.References Suburban Emergency Management Project. 2007. Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from http://www. semp. us/publications/biot_ reader. php? BiotID=474. Bureau of Justice Assistance. 2009. Intelligence-Led Policing. Retrieved July 22, 2009, http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/BJA/topics/ilp. html.

Languages in Cyberspace Essay

Governments have encourage industrial farming and non-organic meat production to improve the crop yield and revenues. However, studies have shown the side effects and health hazards of industrial farming and meat processing. A distinct cultivation of a health-conscious culture became apparent as time goes by which resulted to an increase in sales of organic vegetables and meat in the world. Hence, the sales and marketing of organic products is influenced by the culture or trend that exist in the market. Muslims are known for faithfully abiding with their religious beliefs and practices. When it comes in meat, Muslims only consume meat from slaughtered animals through the Halal way. Three times more blood is pumped out of Halal-slaughtered animals than those butchered in non-Halal way. Hence, lesser toxins are consumed by Muslims since most toxins are stored in the blood. With the introduction of organic aspect, an animal is not pumped with antibiotics and hormones or additives that would increase the toxicity its blood. Hence, Muslims are drawn to organic meat because of its inclination towards their religious belief in meat intake thereby creating an outward effect to the sales and marketing of organic meat. Language is a way of communication of thoughts, messages and feelings. In the global market, one barrier that must crossed by companies to reach out to their market is language. Without the right tools and strategies to cross this barrier, marketing a product will be difficult. A Firm must find a way to communicate and introduce a product in a language known by its market, otherwise, awareness and recognition of the product will not be achieved. This does not apply in the organic meat industry alone but to all industries and businesses. Marketing have evolved with technology through the years and e-commerce was introduced and adopted by most businesses. The worldwide web has a broader scope and the interaction with the customer is direct. In marketing organic meat products, e-commerce is the best way to reach out to its customers directly. It is also the cheapest way to market and promote a product. Longcloud should develop its website in languages other than English to cross the communication barrier that language created. If Longcloud develops a website with different languages, the scope of its accessibility and comprehension will be broader and more comprehensive. It will open the gates for the development of new markets in different countries. Moreover, with this strategic undertaking, the company will be globally competitive and accessible. The power of information technology can promote and increase the sales and distribution of organic meat worldwide. In choosing the languages to translate and include in the website, there are several aspects to consider and these are the opportunities, scope and target market definition. The company’s website must be available in Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), French and Spanish languages. Most Muslims speak Arabic and it was clearly identified that Muslims are one Longcloud’s target markets and about 150 million people speak this language. Chinese, specifically, Mandarin language should also be available to reach 1365 million people who have developed a fondness for organic meat products. Moreover, the growth of the organic meat industry in French-speaking countries like France, Canada, North Africa and Switzerland should also be considered. 23% of the current Internet users are from Europe which include some of these countries. Although only 2% can be accounted for the Spanish-speaking Internet users, a considerable target market was defined and identified in the Latin America. There several threats and disadvantages that must also be considered in making the website available in different languages like the uneven percentages of the target market with Internet access. However, with the growth of technology, many countries have relied in the use of Internet and it has become a household need. Moreover, although some people are accustomed to using English for conducting business, it must also be noted that, English literacy only accounts for about 50% share globally. Software complexities must also be considered, however, software upgrades and development are done continuously to address these problems.

Porters 5 Generic Strategies Essay

One of the greatest tools of use for a firm is being aware of it’s position within an industry. When a company is knowledgeable of where it stands, it can more accurately assess its strengths and weaknesses and what is, or has the potential to be, it’s competitive advantage. Michael Porter, believed that the basis for this advantage falls under 3 base strategies of Cost leadership, Differentiation and Focus. With the use of his generic strategy model, a firm, understanding where its competitive advantage lies, can then formulate and implement an effective business strategy geared towards the sustainability of this advantage. The 3 bases, formed 5 generic strategies : Cost Leadership, strongly speaks towards the production of a lower price product. It appeals to consumers because of low cost. Type 1 strategy is Cost Leadership : low cost, that offers the product at the lowest price available on the market. Type 2 is best value, that offers the lowest price for value available on the market. A firm seeking to become a cost leader then, is attempting to gain a competitive advantage by producing at the lowest cost. For example, the automobile sector, in formulating a strategy must attempt to cut costs at every step of their value chain, whether it is using word of mouth over advertisements or engaging in vertical integration strategies in an attempt to control costs. They must improve the efficiencies of their processes and because of its low cost nature, be prepared to be highly leveraged, if necessary, to maintain its position. Malaysia’s car makers Perodua and Proton are examples of cost leaders, but also of how this position is used to formulate strategy. The rival low cost maker, Perodua, entered the market and lowered prices further in retaliation and assumed market control, but then because of limitation of supplies and new government regulation Proton once more overtook Perodua. Thus the cost leader must constantly stay aware of the 5 forces, and it environment of business in order to maintain its competitive advantage. Differentiation, Porter’s Type 3, calls for a product that possesses certain attributes that the customer perceives as both valuable and better than competitors. This position allows firms more leniency with regards to price as the focus is more heavily on value. This strategy will not only aid but  guide a firm’s management activities as they incur greater costs which should be offset by sales revenue. This should allow the firm, in carrying out its strategic activities to realise the importance of brand loyalty, cost associated with aggressive sales and marketing tactics to establish that perceived value to consumers and the significance on the value chain of research and development. General Motors, at a time when Ford dominated the market, offered new features at premium prices to a higher class of public. The mission, a car for every purse and purpose, was exceeded as they became the leading company. New entrants were discouraged, buyers had low bargaining power due to the lack of alternatives, supplier increases could be passed on through sales price and substitutes and rivals were deterred because of the loyalty consumers had to GM’s exciting features. A great example of how Porter’s strategy guided their activities and secured their competitive advantage. Type 4, low cost focus and Type 5, best value focus, offers products and services to a niche group at the lowest price available on the market and the lowest price for value available on the market, respectively. Type 4, for example the used car dealership, offers bargain hunters low cost vehicles for a few inconveniences such as their own maintenance. Type 5, for example Corvette, offer a higher price to niche group and maintain loyalty by offering an experience unlike any other. For this reason, Type 5 is sometimes referred to as focused differentiation. For types 4 and 5, strategic management must focus on the development of core competencies and use it as a potential barrier to entry and base for minimizing threats of substitutes, extensive analysis of the 5 forces, value chain and financial capabilities as targeting a niche group may be costly for a Type 5 strategy or may not produce enough revenue for the focused cost leader (Type 4). Porter’s strategies, coined generic, because they are exactly that, have no particular application process but rather the firm using these strategies must develop the best way to sustain their competitive advantage. The firm must define its position and analyze its industry, after a strategy is selected, the firm must develop a plan to implement it then continuously monitor the market signals in order to keep up with the ever changing environment of business. Strategic management’s activities then will take  into account the external environment, the organisation’s capabilities and select and develop strategies always bearing in mind the organisation’s purpose and direction. These strategies, closely paired with the 5 forces, focus on continuous improvement for an organisation to meet the challenges of global change, exactly what strategic management is centered on, the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans to achieve organisational success .

3 Things to Know About Sending Your Kid Back to High School

Once your teenager enters high school, they’re also entering some of the most transformative years of their lives. As if out of nowhere, they suddenly have to deal with much harder coursework, extracurriculars, jobs, standardized tests, college applications—all while trying to make friends and maintain a social life. All of these things and more will shape their personalities and prepare them to be independent. During this time, while teenagers are learning how to navigate new responsibilities and make decisions for themselves, you as a parent can either be the support system that they need to get through it all or the point of contention that stops them from growing their autonomy. How you interact with and treat your student during these next few years can be a factor in whether they succeed or fail. At the end of the day, you as a parent know what’s best for your young adult. However, as you send him/her back to high school and into college applications season, there are a few things that you ought to remember as you interact with and make decisions for your child. Read on for some helpful tips explaining what your student is going through and how to help them put their best foot forward. Often, when your kid is a freshman and maybe even sophomore in high school, you may still be doing most things for them like taking them to school, giving them lunch money, and buying their school supplies. However, once they become upperclassmen and start doing things like driving and getting jobs of their own, it’s safe to say that your kid is now a young adult. That can be a difficult concept to grasp for some parents. Just a few years ago, your child needed you for everything. However, as they get older, sometimes they become more independent, which may make you feel like you don’t have as many opportunities to protect them and make sure they’re doing what’s best. There is a delicate balance between treating your child like the independent adult that they have become while also making sure they’re doing the right things (even if the right things aren’t what they want to do). Here are some suggestions to help you find that balance: Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. Even though you can still help your child with their homework, high school now is not the same as high school when you were a student. Nowadays, students use laptops for their assignments, are in constant communication with their friends or peers even when they’re not around them, and are trying to prepare themselves for a much more competitive college application process (see State Colleges are Getting More Competitive. Here’s How to Stay Ahead of the Curve ). So, when they tell you that you don’t know what it’s like to be them, in many ways they’re right. As a parent, you may be worried that you can’t relate to what your child is going through or even help them out at times. If this is a concern, here are some ways for you to better understand what they’re experiencing: Even though your kid is now a young adult and may not need you to protect them or do things for them, your teen still needs your support. The easiest way to support a high school teenager handling a bunch of new responsibilities is to listen to them and be there to talk if and when they need it. Your teenager may not always be able to find the right words to express what they’re feeling. When that happens, it’s perfectly normal to not understand them or get what we’re saying. Odds are, they’re not sure either. All you as a parent need to do is listen to them and tell them that everything is going to be okay regardless of how the process turns out. Simply letting your child know that you are here for them whenever they need you is a huge comfort to most high school students. After all, the road to adulthood and college is not an easy one, and it’s always nice for a teenager to know that he or she has the resources to succeed and the cheerleaders to help get there. We at are here to support the parents of college-bound high school students in whatever way we can. Here are some helpful guides for parents going through the high school and college application process with their young adult: Finally, if you’re looking for something that will help your child build their academic and extracurricular profile to impress colleges, check out ’s Mentorship Program. We carefully pair each student one-on-one with a mentor from a top college, who works personally with the student for an entire year. The program is designed to help students discover their interests, develop significant self-motivation, and become high performing individuals.

Institutional Review Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Institutional Review Board - Assignment Example Therefore, IRB will protect the researchers by ensuring that they have not been implicated in issues involving violation of rules related to conducting researches. Furthermore, IRB protects reputation of the University by reducing chances of being involved in unethical research, which is conducted by their students and supervised by their lectures. On the other hand, IRB protects participants by ensuring that the research meets ethical standards while eliminating cases of unauthorized disclosure of their private information to other parties. The type of research that qualifies for Full review, which is also referred to as Level III involves subjects that require protection (St. Catherine University, 2013). Therefore, this form of research subjects the participants to a greater risk (Aurora University, 2013). In this case, the research involves nursing home residents, who are subjects to be protected. In fact, the research has exceptional consideration for protection that applied for their welfare due to vulnerability (The University of New Hampshire, 2012). Furthermore, the research will involve their personal information which require protect from the

Analysis of the Financial Position of the Company Essay

Analysis of the Financial Position of the Company - Essay Example In line with the positive changes in Company D’s income and expense levels during Year 8, its Income Before Tax Return on Equity has increased from 27.20% in Year 7 to 30.79% in Year 8. This rate of return identifies Company D as one that delivers a much higher rate of returns as compared to the other companies in the industry, which have accordingly generated the return on equity rates of 8.1%, 17.2%, and 29.7%. This capacity of the company to earn more than the average member of its industry constitutes a valuable strength. The same is true with the company’s Gross Margin Ratio and Income Before Tax Margin Ratio which, at 31.09% and 10.08%, respectively, turned out to be higher than their Year 2007 counterparts. In consonance with the company’s relatively high Return on Equity when compared with those of the others in the industry, its Gross Margin Ratio – an indication of what the company's pricing policy is and of what the true markup margins are – turns out to be higher than the 27.3% industry average and its Income Before Tax Margin Ratio, which reveals the profit generated by the company using the money invested by its shareholders, is a lot higher than the 3.4%, the industry’s average. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that Company D is among the best performers in its industry in terms of profitability. Meanwhile, the company’s comparative balance sheets for Years 8 and 7 showed that its current assets increased during Year 8 only by 15.01% while its current liabilities increased by 24.55%.

Are Tax Cuts Promoting Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Are Tax Cuts Promoting Economic Growth - Essay Example And the same thing can be seen happening with President Bush's 2003 tax cuts since 2003 annual GDP has increased by 4.3% as opposed to the 2.4% during the two years preceding. There can, however, be a downside to tax cuts. If the taxpayers save their increased income or buy outsourced commodities, the government may have to deal with balance of payments difficulties that could cause a deflationary effect leading to a "budgetary crisis with a painful readjustment to follow" (Wikipedia, 2006, n.p.). But how many people do you know bother to put their tax returns into savings or shop overseas Of course, you can buy almost anything from anywhere on the Internet, so the downside might be all too accessible these days. An alternative to cutting taxes is to increase minimum wage. Of course, that comes with its own share of downsides; mainly, the same downsides that tax cuts have. While researchers could find "no statistically significant relationship between minimum wage rate increases and business failures" (Rendell, 2006, n.p.), it is still no better than tax cuts and prone to the same downsides. So, when in doubt, cut taxes. Of course, doing both simultaneously could produce some interesting results.

The e-government and e-procurement situation in the GCC countries Research Paper

The e-government and e-procurement situation in the GCC countries - Research Paper Example Oman has a high level of economic growth and has a free economy.The new trade and investment laws provide better degrees of vitality and flexibility to E-commerce and the government actively participates in the E commerce initiatives to provide for better business conditions (2).Qatar is more closed up and does not allow FDI in some sectors like banking, insurance, real estate, commercial agencies. Further more not more than 40% of foreign ownership is allowed unless there is a sector like Agriculture, industry, health, education, tourism, leisure and development of natural resources, energy, and mining (2).The UAE is the fastest growing economy with the recent government’s allotment of $13.4 billion towards the development of the non-oil sector, much of which will be spent on telecommunications and information technology. A recent initiative is the Dubai Internet City which is a great move to UAE’s future internet economy (2).Bahrain is an important business center and is only recently warming up in the internet race. It is located half way between the time zones of East and West, and give that the GCC countries (mostly import oriented) have an estimated population of more than 19 million, and added 100 million to adjoining neighboring countries that leads to enormous consumer bases potential. It is reported that the Bahrain government is striving towards E-procurement in the sectors of business & financial services, tourism, information technology, telecommunications, healthcare & education (2).... Qatar is more closed up and does not allow FDI in some sectors like: banking, insurance, real estate, commercial agencies. Further more not more than 40% of foreign ownership is allowed unless there is a sector like: Agriculture, industry, health, education, tourism, leisure anddevelopment of natural resources, energy and mining (2). The UAE is the fastest growing economy with the recent government's allotment of $13.4 billion towards the development of the non-oil sector, much of which will be spent on telecommunications and information technology. A recent initiative is the Dubai Internet City which is a great move to UAE's future internet economy (2). Bahrain is an important business centre and is only recently warming up in the internet race. It is located half way between the time zones of East and West, and give that the GCC countries (mostly import oriented) have an estimated population of more than 19 million, and added 100 million to adjoining neighboring countries that leads to enormous consumer bases potential. It is reported that the Bahrain government is striving towards E-procurement in the sectors of business & financial services, tourism, information technology, telecommunications, healthcare & education (2). In a similar vein Saudi Arabia has followed suit and an even better climate is found in Kuwait where as any Kuwaiti or GCC national over 21 years of age can carry commerce in Kuwait. In Kuwait public procurement is dealt with government of law 37 of 1964, Law 18 of 1970 and Law 81 of 1977. There is no internet procedure for most of the tendering procedures and this has yet to change to promote public procurement (2). 2. Role of Internet and the other emerging ICT ways of communication in

The Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Women - Essay Example She begins to critically examine her life and her relationship with men and the people around her. At some point, she considered divorce, and this would have not only affected her but also their daughter. This play thus helps to remind the audience that although one might appear to lead a happy and comfortable life, problems in marriage can make life bitter. Friends and family play a vital role in resolving such domestic problems. The intent of this production, in my view, was a good idea. This play speaks to everyone; the married and the unmarried. It helps us examine our families, our actions and how best we understand the people around us. There are two main issues raised in the play that make it important and applicable. First, through the life of Heines and the unfaithfulness of her husband, the play reminds us of the importance of safeguarding marriages and building strong family ties. The suffering brought to Haines through her husband’s infidelity is traumatizing. The play further highlights the need to solve domestic or marital problems without taking rush decisions. Secondly, the play helps us re-examine the role played by our friends in our lives. In the play, Selvia knew that Heines’ husband had an extramarital affair yet she did not inform her friend about it. She instead spread the rumor among other women. This play thus allows the audience to examine whether or not to keep some of their friends. In particular, this play reminds us of the role friends play in marriages. Overall, the play challenges and provokes the audience. The intention is to make people examine their behaviors, beliefs and their general view of life. This play succeeds in provoking us into asking ourselves questions regarding our lives, and how we treat those around us. After watching the play, I believe that the play achieved its purpose. First, in a good play, characters need to portray the events as real as they possibly can. In this play, the characters portrayed

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary Research Paper

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary catheter in the adult patient. Proposal Phase - Research Paper Example Secondary data collection shall therefore be the major procedure to be used by the researcher. This is perfectly appropriate because there are several existing research works on urinary catheter that can supply the researcher with adequate and sufficient data. This notwithstanding, there shall also be primary data collection procedures. Primary data collection involves the collection of firsthand data directly by the researcher. The general steps that will be undertaken will involve the collection of data on registered nurses in the site area regarding their treatment to patients with urinary catheter. Data on the progress rate of patients as well as any reported side effects with the urinary catheter shall be collected. Hospital records and forms shall therefore be the major research instruments to use. After collecting such data, the researcher shall present all of it and use existing literature to give interpretation to the data collected. The researcher expects that the outcome o f the data collection will lead to the need to design an intervention to educate nurses further on urinary catheter. After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before.... After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before. Researcher’s Credentials The researcher is rightly matched for this research work. This is because the researcher is well vested in issues of urinary catheter. As a health science student, who has undertaken several clinical and on job tasks in major hospitals and clinics that practice with urinary catheter, the research has the needed knowledge in the interpretation of data and other records that will be collected from the research site. What is more, the researcher has been part of a group of researchers who have been tasked with analyzing over six previous research works on urinary catheter. This means that the researcher is privileged to needed secondary sources of data to make the qualitative research analysis more authentic and reliable. Finally, as a student, the researcher has shown consistency w ith grades in nursing care. This means that the researcher is a suitable candidate for carrying out the intended interventions in the research site area. Site & Population This is a typical clinical research that demands the use of complicated equipment, access to health records and data, and realistic personnel to supply data and information. This means that the site of the research will best be constituted at a place where the researcher shall be assured of the needed equipment, health records and personnel. To this end, an intensive care unit was chosen. The researcher is hopeful that the intensive care unit has all needed equipment on urinary catheter and records of patients, both past and present. What is more,

Hydrogen bonding and drug designs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hydrogen bonding and drug designs - Term Paper Example Hydrogen bonding and drug designs The extent of solubility of a solute depends on its hydrophilic nature. A molecule is more soluble if it can form numerous hydrogen bonds with its water solvent.1 Hydrophobic interactions between hydrophobic regions of the binding site of a ligand and its lipophilic surfaces are important predictors of its interactions in a biological system, which may affect water solubility to such an extent that may even result in unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties.2 It is thus evident that the number of hydrogen bonds made by a drug is an important determinant of its solubility, and ultimately, its bioavailability and effectiveness in a living system. This paper reviews three studies on the hydrogen bonding properties of drugs in an attempt to investigate the utility of hydrogen bonding studies in drug solubility prediction and drug design. Methodology The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of hydrogen bonding on the molecular properties of drugs dissolved in water. Additionally, other aspects of the role of hydrogen bonding in drug design will also be dealt with. For the purpose of this review, studies relevant to the aims of this paper were searched via Google Scholar. Three most relevant studies were chosen based on the correlation of their subject of study and the aims of this paper. Results The first study assessed the impact of hydrogen bonding on molecular properties, namely Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra, of three drug molecules (caffeine, aspirin, and ibuprofen) dissolved in water.... ssolved in water.3 The second study investigated various computational and experimental models for the prediction of aqueous drug solubility.4 The third study presented a theoretical calculation of the strength of hydrogen bonding of drug molecules. The findings of these studies are systematically reviewed here. As the first study3 investigated changes in spectra upon dissolution of drugs in water, a frequency calculation was done for three drug molecules (caffeine, aspirin, and ibuprofen) in both gas phase and aqueous solution. IR and Raman spectra of the molecules were analyzed to investigate the influence of both long and short-range interactions on spectral intensity and vibrational frequency. The investigated frequencies were divided into three regions, namely – high, middle and low frequencies. Four different calculations were carried out. The first two calculations began with gas phase geometry optimization followed by calculation of IR and Raman frequencies in the gas phase (GS) and in PCM (Polarized continuum model) using water as solvent. The last two calculations were also done in two stages – geometry optimization with the water molecules located where they are assumed to form hydrogen bonds, followed by calculation of IR and Raman frequencies with and without polarized dielectric continuum. The structures of the three drug molecules with hydrogen-bonded water are shown in figures 1, 2 & 3. Figure 1 — Structure of aspirin hydrogen bonded to water molecules Figure 2 — Structure of caffeine hydrogen bonded to water molecules Figure 3 — Structure of Ibuprofen hydrogen bonded to water molecules In case of caffeine, there was a very small IR absorbance in the high frequency region except for peaks of higher absorbance indicating presence of OH bonds in

Early Intervention in the First Grade Essay Example for Free

Early Intervention in the First Grade Essay The purpose of the paper is to look at early intervention in the first grade. The paper will discuss what early intervention at first grade is all about with close scrutiny of the various methods that are used in early intervention at schools and the effect of the intervention. It also shade light on the use and value of early intervention at first grade with respect to students performance later in the education. The introductory part of the paper will give an explanation about early intervention at first grade, whom it affects and the parties involved. The statement of the problem will illustrate the nature of the research proposal in terms of stating exactly what the problem is. It will also explain why early intervention at first grade is a problem of research and whether or not it is researchable. The literature review section will elaborate the context of the problem while discussing the related issues that readers are most likely to raise, their differing views, methodology and results. The objectives of the research will also be looked at in detail. These will stipulate the various aims or goals that the research needs to address and will be followed by the hypothesis section that will try to answer the stipulated objectives of the research proposal. The research methodology will then be followed by the expected outcomes or results, the discussion of the results and the paper in general. Introduction. Early intervention in the first grade is a situation where children are subjected to or put in a schedule that allows them to have the relevant exposure and experience in the process of acquainting themselves with school before they get to the real school life environment. Children between the age of three and the age at which they are expected to join the beginners level are the ones targeted by the various institutions and organization offering such programs (Deese Ellen 2003). There is need to implement such programs as they help the children is preparation and anticipation of what they expect the moment they begin their first grade programs. Interventions at early age are necessary in that they help in situations where the childrens right have been violated and more so where some children have been denied the go ahead of joining the first grade programs on different accounts. In Pennsylvania for instance, there is an Act which legitimatizes children who are between three years and the age of joining the beginners program to have access to early intervention programs. Several procedures have been established by different circulars on the way forward to achieving the set objectives of the early intervention programs. Statement of the problem. It is evident that there is a problem concerning early intervention in the first grade. The issue here is to address the problems that come along with early intervention procedures and programs. This has been a problem in that several children are locked out of the programs simply because they are thought to be underage (Lakein, 2004). Some have been denied the opportunity of getting to first grade at a certain age. The problem can actually be researchable as it touches on every persons life be it the childs or the parents life. If researched properly, the findings and recommendations will be tabled and put into effect by the relevant authorities. Literature Review. Early Intervention. In the year nineteen ninety, an Act was established in Pennsylvania concerning early intervention and its transition. The circular had the sole purpose of clarifying the procedure to be followed during the transition process of childrens education. It focused on the procedures required by the authorities in the transition process from early intervention programs that are preschool in nature to the first grade and the kindergartens. The transition was required to be in such a way that it did not interrupt the school going program and that all children will be eligible for the program especially those who were not provided with the procedures for transition. It also guarded against instances of childrens rights being violated by certain people and institutions of learning (Deese Ellen 2003). The smooth transition of the children to the district programs from early intervention was also the objective of the Act. This was to be done not only by the schools but also the parents choices were to be taken care of by the circular. In February, a body was appointed and vested with the mandate of one, identifying all the children who were almost the age of kindergarten in their residential districts, making parents aware that those children who were about the age of joining kindergarten that their children would be required to continue with early intervention for a period of another year, creating awareness to the many families about the process of transition, holding meetings to discuss the process of transition and also confirming whether or not parents were ready to register their children in the residential districts or that of the school that the children would join the following year (Lakein, 2004). The other role of the circular on Basic Education was to make sure that schools did evaluations and came up with education programs that were individualized and that they adhered to the laid down timelines (Lakein, 2004). It also ensured that children who had left their schools for other schools continued to be offered services by their former schools as they wait for the appeals and court hearings in case their parent disagreed with the individualized programs in the district schools. Such circulars were important in that they helped children in achieving the education in a manner that is properly structured in terms of education programs and curricula. Parents also had the chance of having their views and opinion heard in matters concerning their childrens education lifestyle and process. Reasons for Early Intervention. Research has shown that learning in schools and in general life, is more rapid in the preschool years. Intervention at this stage is extremely necessary as the child needs to start developing his/her education early enough. It care is not taken in terms of teaching the child at this early stage, it might be difficult for the child to get a particular skill or phenomenon at the later stage in life (Lakein, 2004). These early intervention procedures and measures have an impact on the parents and the children as well. A child who is considered ans being an exceptional case may cause the family to feel isolated socially, disappointed, stressful, frustrated and even feel helpless. This combination of negative attributes may affect the well being of the family and to some extend affect the development of the child in question. Some families find themselves in situations of divorce and even suicidal situations in cases where their children are either handicapped or physically challenged. This creates a stigma in the minds of other people and create a negative impression to the concerned families (Lakein, 2004). Interventions at early stages will result to improved attitudes by the parents towards their children and towards themselves. Parents are also likely to improve and increase on their childrens information and skills in terms of devoting more time to leisure activities and teaching schedules for them. Parents who believe that their children have a brighter future in terms of education, need such early interventions so that they can provide good learning environment for their children and also offer the necessary support required by their children. The other reason for early intervention is that through it, a society or community for that matter will be in a position to reap benefits that are maximum. The increased educational benefits and development of the child and the reduction in the over dependence of the child on the educational institutions together with the ability of the childs family to be in terms with them despite their exceptional nature coupled with the increased chances of the child to employment, are factors issues that offer social and economic benefits. Beneficiaries of Early Intervention. Beneficiaries of this program include children who are attending school or even younger children who are thought to be at risk of lacking education or at risk of being handicapped including any other need considered as special and would affect the development of the child. Families of children who are affected also benefit from early intervention as they help to lessen the effect of the condition. The other beneficiaries of the program are the teachers in the various institutions. Teachers stand to benefit a great deal in that they come across children who are already molded and are ready for their next level of education. Such programs could be based at home, based in hospitals, based at centers, even be a combination of all of them (Berruetta, 2005). The program also benefits those who are in their tender ages, that is, from birth to their school going ages. Inasmuch as this is true, there are so many reasons as to why the program should begin at the earliest age possible. Research has shown that there is qualitative and quantitative evidence that intervention at the early ages increases the childs development and also boosts the childs educational gains. It is also evident that early intervention helps in improving the familys functionality and harvest long-time gains and benefits for the society at large. The results of early intervention to the child include; the child needing less education that is special and also other services for rehabilitation in terms of education and social well being later on in life (Pauk, 2007). Early intervention has also shown that students are less likely to be retained in their grades for along period of time. The children get promoted at the required stage and time and do not waste a lot of time in their grades. Outcomes of previous researches. According to Berrueta (2005), research was carried out in Perry Preschool on physically challenged children. The research showed that the children were consistent in their performance at the age of 19. The students had a positive attitude to schooling and most of them completed their high school education and went ahead to join institutions of higher learning to pursue their careers. This landed them employment compared to other children who did not have the chance and opportunity to attend preschool programs. Previous research outcomes have also shown that handicapped and disabled children scored higher marks when it came to arithmetic, languages and reading tests. The early interventions led to a reduction to up to fifty percent in the quest for education services that are specialized. It also led to less and less antisocial behaviors within and outside the schools compared to other students who did not attend the program. It is through the research that is came out clear that cases of under-achievement in children who are gifted and talented may be curbed and taken care of by early intervention and identification through appropriate methods and programs (Pauk, 2007). The approach to early Intervention. The approach to early intervention has been captured in different fields such as education, health, psychology, neuroscience as well as criminology. The approach is based on the need of improving and promoting community and family relationships and experiences during their childrens childhood periods. Childrens development during the first years of their lives is crucial in the laying down of a foundation of learning, health and behavior outcomes. This postulation is the foundation on which the importance of intervention at the early stages and prevention at early ages stands (Berruetta, 2005). The most important and effective intervention approaches will always tend to deal with the childs problems earlier on in life and prevent the problems before they are embedded in the child. Early intervention could tackle and prevent ills that are social to the community such as illiteracy, unemployment and crime which are assumed to have been caused by lack of early intervention at the childs early age. Such approaches could be carried out at any level sch as at the family level, individual level and the community level as the effects and results are all bu the same. Service such as training parents on the various skills of dealing with the child, visiting pregnant mothers and also those with new born babies, education concerning family relationships, counseling services of the family, supporting families with young and tender children among others should be provided at all times through early intervention. Research Questions. The research proposal is aimed at establishing the benefits of early interventions in the first grade. The benefits will be looked at in terms of whom they benefits, how they benefit and the outcome of the benefits. There will also be the question of how early interventions have helped children desist from social evils in their later lives. This will be justified by previously conducted researches on the same. The paper will lastly address the question of the impact of early interventions on the society and the community at large. Statement Hypothesis. This section will try to answer the objectives of the research paper. There are obvious benefits that can be attributed to early interventions to both the children parents and the community in general. Early interventions have helped children shape their lives in terms of behavior, education and social aspects. Research methodology. The research will be made possible by the aid of research methods that will be deemed useful. The research shall deploy both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis as there will be need to analyze both numbers, figures as well as statements. Data collection methods and techniques will involve the use of primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected by use of questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data will be collected from journals, books and other scholarly materials that will be deemed fit for the research. Participants in the research will include children in the kindergartens, teachers of various schools that offer the early intervention program, the government officials who are in charge of the educational programs and other relevant authorities. The research shall use instruments and materials such as questionnaires, tape recorders, tape translators among others. Tape recorders are reliable tools for data collection as they can keep information for long and can be used in case there is clarification in future. The design of the study. The study was designed in such a way that it involved all the relevant parties. Children were conducted through interviews which were recorded using tape recorders. This methods was deemed relevant to the children as they were free to give information as a result of enjoying being taped and heard afterwards from the tape recorders. The first phase of the data collection will take about three weeks to five weeks after which the in information will be gathered, compiled and analyzed. The questionnaires will be used on teachers and government officials who will be given one month to fill them and thereafter they will be collected for compilation and analysis. The next step will be data compilation and analysis which will take about one month and an extension another two weeks just in case the process takes a lot of time than expected. Data interpretation will then take two weeks as it is not a demanding exercise as compared to data analysis. Data collection methods. Questionnaires and Interviews. Questionnaires will be used because of the many advantages they have over other methods of data collection. They are easy to understand and interpret because the language used is simple and easy to read. They also have an advantage in that they allow the respondent to give views and opinions without the fear of either being heard or looked at by the interviewer. The main disadvantage with the questionnaires is that they bound to give the impression that the interview is not serious and that the questions can be answered in any way as the respondent feels fit. This method will be used because it is appropriate for children and other government officials who might not be willing and comfortable to use questionnaires. The main disadvantage is that interviews might instill a sense of fear and panic among children and other respondents for fear of being victimized there and then by the interviewer. Conclusion/Discussion. It is evident from the literature review that early intervention in the first grade is important for child development and the community as well. Many children who go through the program of early intervention are found to be sharp in their academics, alert, focused and even end up maintaining their academic standards in their later education levels (Berruetta, 2005). Early intervention helps to shape the future of many children as they are made to understand and molded into better students at a very early age of their lives. The research will therefore be expected to make known the importance of early intervention in schools and other places as well. The outcome of the research will also be expected to make more and more schools and institutions embrace the need for early intervention and put up facilities to support the programs (Pauk, 2007). References. Berruetta, C. (2005). Early Intervention in schools. New York: McGraw Hill Deese, J. Ellen, K. (2003). The importance of Early Intervention. Washington: Sage Publishers. Lakein, A. (2004). Early Intervention Programs and their effects to children. New York: Peter H. Wyden, Inc. Pauk, W. (2007). Interventions at Chilhood: An Analysis of what it means. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.